Showing papers on "Bilateral trade published in 1977"

Bilateral Trade Flows and Transport Costs

Abstract: T HIS study examines the direction and level of aggregate bilateral trade flows in a multi-country trade network. We are not so much concerned with an explanation of a country's total imports as with the geographical pattern of its imports from among its trading partners. We therefore incorporate economic variables for both the importing and exporting countries, including demand and supply conditions and "trade resistance factors," in particular, the costs of transportation. The latter are incorporated into the analysis through an errorsin-variables specification. Our study begins on familiar ground. Similar models have been proposed and tested by Tinbergen (1962), Poyhonen (1963a, b), Pulliainen (1963), Linnemann (1966) and others. The key difference between our study and previous ones lies in the treatment of the costs of transportation. Previous studies have used distance as a proxy for transport costs, but that has some serious limitations. First, the cost of transportation is influenced by other factors such as the value of the commodity being transported.1 For example, Moneta (1959) has pointed out that the effect of distance is small for high-valued commodities. Second, the use of distance imposes the assumption that the cost of transportation is the same in either direction between any pair of trading countries. This is restrictive when analyzing aggregate trade flows, since the commodity composition of trade differs by direction. Third, estimated relationships (e.g., elasticities) between trade flows and static variables such as distance are not very helpful in predicting future trade levels and thus are not very helpful in policy analysis. Finger and Yeats (1976) have shown for the United States that effective protection due to international transport costs is at least as high as tllat due to tariffs. Moreover, they indicate that the importance of transport costs has been increasing rapidly in recent years (even before full consideration of the recent petroleum price increases).2 The need to move beyond the distance specification of transport costs is clear. The fact that reliable data on transport costs are unavailable has been the primary reason for the use of distance as a proxy in the previous studies. In principle, the difference between c.i.f. and f.o.b. trade values represents the costs of freight and insurance.3 However, due to notorious measurement errors, these figures cannot be used in traditional econometric procedures. Consequently, most trade studies dealing with this subject have not utilized the differences between c.i.f. and f.o.b. values.4 Though these differences are indeed highly inaccurate measures of transport costs, they are included in our empirical analysis by applying an errorsin-variables approach. This allows the estimation of the elasticity of bilateral trade flows with respect to transport costs, which is the key product of this study. The theoretical background is introduced in section II and the empirical model is specified

Two-way Trade in a Verdoorn Type Model

Abstract: The international trade statistics often show simultaneous imports and exports of the same commodity, even on the highest level of disaggregation and for bilateral trade flows. This phenomenon is referred to as ‘intra-industry trade’ [Balassa, 1966] or ‘two-way international trade’ [Gray, 1973]1; we prefer the latter, since two-way trade occurs not only on the industry level, but on all levels of aggregation.