Showing papers on "Construction surveying published in 1994"

Elementary surveying : SI adaptation

Abstract: PREFACEnThis Revised International Edition of Elementary Surveying follows the approach of previousneditions in providing an easy-reading textbook containing basic theory and practical materialnfor use in field and classroom. Inclusion of pertinent, less well-known facts and emphasis onnthe professional aspects of surveying should stimulate interest in this historic profession. Discussionsnof advances in technology leading to improved methods and equipment were principalnmotivations for revising this book.Among the many changes that improve and update the book are the following:1. An increasing concentration on how modem instruments such as total stations with datanrecorders can be utilised to perform standard surveying tasks in a manner which is costeffectivenand complements their advantages. These changes have occurred in manynchapters and the traditional methods have been counter-balanced with those which arennow based on microprocessors.2. A new chapter on satellite techniques which explains in detail the operation of the GlobalnPositioning System (GPS) and emphasises its use in day-to-day surveying operations.3. A new chapter on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) which incorporates LandnInformation Systems (LIS) and presents the fundamentals of these concepts to students.nThe inclusion of examples to convince students of the important role surveyors will havenin the future as the providers of spatial data is a highlight.4. The inclusion of the principles, and rightful place, of hydrographic surveying in thenchapter dealing with topographic surveying.5. The expansion of the sections on automated mapping to reflect current practice.6. The inclusion of the principles and spheres of application of remote sensing in thenchapter on photogrammetry.7. The general upgrading of diagrams, photographs and text throughout the book to reflectnthe vast changes in equipment and techniques which have occurred in under a decade.nDigital levels, total station instruments, data recorders, personal computers, new laserntools for construction surveying, GPS, GIS, LIS and new analytical and digital photogrammetricndevices, for example, have all had an impact on the professional work ofnsurveyors in the first half of the 1990s.These additions and changes have meant the inevitable reduction of material on some instrumentsnand techniques which some would say should now reside in history books. But not allnmaterial on older-type instruments has been removed, rather it has been suitably edited. Steelntapes, tilting levels and optical theodolites are still being manufactured, sold and used by studentsnin their first courses at many colleges and by people in the field. They illustrate basicnfundamentals of surveying, such as the theory of errors, by introducing 'hands-on' measurements.nJudgement of beginners is enhanced by reading a vernier and tape, rather than pushing a button and getting the answer automatically selected and recorded.nStress in the text continues to be placed on the theory of errors and on correlation ofntheory and practical field methods. Nearly 800 end-of-chapter problems are included andnanswers to approximately a fourth of these are given in the back of the book to assist studentsnin self-study.Engineers, architects, geologists and foresters must be capable of making measurementsnand analysing the precision and accuracy of results obtained by other people. They should benqualified to properly locate and set machinery, lay out buildings and other common structures,nand understand and prepare simple topographic maps. Each of these areas is discussed andnproper field procedures to obtain a desired precision noted.A few references are made to costs so that students will learn early in their college worknto associate the three bases of surveying and engineering practice: theory, applications andncosts. All surveying is a constant struggle to reduce or isolate errors and mistakes. At the endnof most chapters students are reminded of this point through lists of typical errors and mistakes.nAlthough all nine editions retain the title Elementary Surveying (thereby avoiding goingnback to the 'first' edition again), the contents go beyond the elementary stage in length andnscope. The large number of chapters, however, permits inclusion or omission of subjects toncorrespond with the class time available for students in surveying, civil engineering, othernengineering curricula, architecture, geology, agriculture and forestry.Chapters are arranged in the order found most convenient at numerous colleges. Fundamentalnmaterial is described toward the front of the text. Theory and use of the basic groundnsurveying instruments - the tape, EDM equipment, level and theodolite - are described inndetail and new types of equipment noted. Any chapter following Chapter 18 can be omittednwithout loss of continuity, although several are short enough to be suitable for a singlenassignment.n n Limited coverage of such subjects as map projections, boundary surveys and photogrammetrynis given to fit various programs offered. For example, the brief chapter onnboundary surveys is intended to make students aware of a few problems involved in the surveynand transfer of property and the legal requirements of professional registration. Some instructorsngive broad survey-type courses and want their students to get an overall view of the manynsurveying functions. It is believed that the arrangement and scope of material presented hereinnwill meet that need also.n n n n