Showing papers on "Cultural heritage published in 2002"

Cultural Tourism: The Partnership Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management

Abstract: Contents * Preface * Acknowledgments * Chapter 1. Introduction * Defining Cultural Tourism * Conceptualizing Cultural Tourism--A Thematic Approach * The Key Issue: Linking Cultural Heritage Management and Tourism Management * Chapter 2. Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Cultural Tourism * Introduction * Culture and Tourism--Collaborators or Competitors? * The Independent Evolution of Tourism and Cultural Heritage * Seven Possible Relationships Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management * The Consequences * The Solution? * Chapter 3. How Tourism Works * Introduction * The Nature of Tourism * Attractions Drive Tourism * Factors Influencing Visitation Levels * Tourist Behavior * Cultural Tourism * Conclusion * Chapter 4. Cultural Heritage Management * Introduction * Core Concepts * Cultural Heritage Management and Tourism * Negative and Positive Impacts of Tourism * Conclusion * Chapter 5. Tangible Heritage * Introduction * Process-Driven Conservation of Tangible Cultural Heritage * The Scope of Tangible Heritage Assets * Cultural Significance of Heritage Assets * Authenticity * Tourism, Authenticity, and Commodification * Visitor Accessibility to Tangible Heritage Assets * Consultation As an Important Element of the Management Process * Chapter 6. Intangible Heritage and Its Management * Introduction * Recognition of Intangible Cultural Heritage Management * Intangible Heritage Assets--Management and Tourism Issues * Authenticity and Cultural Space * Tourism and Changes to Intangible Heritage * Culturally Appropriate and Sustainable Use of Assets * Stakeholder Consultation in Setting Management Priorities * Chapter 7. Cultural Tourism Products--A Regional Perspective * Introduction * Products * Benefits of Adopting a Marketing Approach to Product Development * Hierarchy of Attractions * Developing Cultural Tourism Attractions * Conclusions * Chapter 8. Commodification, Environmental Bubbles, and Cultural Tourism Products * Introduction * Consumption--Strangeness versus Familiarity and the Environmental Bubble * Creating Cultural Tourism Products or Attractions * Tactics * Conclusions * Chapter 9. The Cultural Tourism Market: A Cultural Tourism Typology * Introduction * Who Are Cultural Tourists? * A Typology of Cultural Tourists: Recognizing Different Shades of Cultural Tourists * Five Types of Cultural Tourists * Testing the Model: Hong Kong As a Case Study * Implications for Cultural Tourism * Chapter 10. Gatekeepers * Introduction * Using Cultural and Heritage Assets to Brand a Destination * The Role of Gatekeepers in Conveying Messages * Effect of Many Gatekeepers on the Message Passed to the Tourist * Chapter 11. Assessment * Introduction * Assessing the Tourism Potential of Assets * Considering the Wider Context * Understanding the Asset in Its Setting * Asset Specific Issues: "Place" and Cultural Spaces * Stakeholder and Consultation Issues * People, Skills, and Financial Resources * Conclusions * Chapter 12. Asset Auditing and Planning * Introduction * An Audit Model * An Audit Procedure * Testing the Procedure--Hong Kong * Planning * Chapter 13. Marketing * Introduction * Marketing As a Management Tool * Unique Features of Marketing in Cultural Tourism * Thinking Strategically * Sustainable Competitive Advantages * Role of Research * Putting It Together--The Marketing Plan * The Four Ps--The Marketing Mix * Conclusions * Chapter 14. Presentation and Management of Heritage Assets * Introduction * Reinvestment of Revenue in Conservation As One Benefit of Tourism * Fees and Levies Raised at the Source * Epilogue * References * Index

The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence.

Abstract: This article provides an overview of the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence and the assumptions on which the model is based. The 12 domains comprising the organizing framework are briefly described along with the primary and secondary characteristics of culture, which determine variations in values, beliefs, and practices of an individual's cultural heritage. All health care providers in any practice setting can use the model, which makes it especially desirable in today's team-oriented health care environment. The model has been used by nurses, physicians, and physical and occupational therapists in practice, education, administration, and research in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Central America, Great Britain, Korea, South America, and Sweden. The model has also been translated into Flemish, French, Korean, and Spanish. Although the model is only 4 years old, it shows promise for becoming a major contribution to transcultural nursing and health care.

Heritage as Knowledge: Capital or Culture?

Abstract: This paper discusses the relationships between heritage and the knowledge-based city. Heritage itself is conceptualised as the meanings attached in the present to the past and is regarded as a know...

Negative heritage and past mastering in archaeology

Abstract: Images of the World Trade Center site flooded the media in the aftermath of September 11, and have continued to do so in New York City. The World Monuments Watch moved quickly to feature Ground Zero in its October 2001 issue as a place of heritage, requiring both salvage and commemoration. The site was supra-positioned, listed as site 101 in their register of 100 endangered sites around the globe. The lingering physical marks of violence coupled with the mass grave site have reconfigured its value as a newly constituted tourist site, encouraging us to reflect on the economic and symbolic dimensions of heritage making. The president and the chairman of the World Monuments Watch declared that "weapons of mass destruction are not always aimed at battleships or military installations, but at the cultural icons that bind and inspire communities around the world," underscoring the significance of the WTC's historic import and potent symbolic capital. They describe how "our landmarks-the Mostar Bridge, the Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan, and the World Trade Center-- have become prized targets for terrorists because they are what defines the cultures, ideals, and achievements of the people who created them, who use them, who live with them" (Perry and Burnham 2001:3). Quite understandably, the authors have made a personal connection between their own expertise in the heritage field and the events of September 11, yet they also reveal how the materiality of certain sites is enshrined in our own culture and how dominant the language of heritage has become. Despite the potency of the WTC site, it would be unthinkable to preserve the site as it remains-it requires a complete reconfiguration including appropriate memorialization. In this regard it is a salient example of what I would term "negative heritage", a conflictual site that becomes the repository of negative memory in the collective imaginary. As a site of memory, negative heritage occupies a dual role: it can be mobilized for positive didactic purposes (e.g. Auschwitz, Hiroshima, District Six) or alternatively be erased if such places cannot be culturally rehabilitated and thus resist incorporation into the national imaginary (e.g. Nazi and Soviet statues and architecture). Monuments are mnemonics that may serve both as reminders of the past and harbingers of the future (Lowenthal 1985). While seemingly uncontroversial, "heritage" occupies a positive and culturally elevated position within many cultures, yet we should recognize that not all individuals, groups or nations share those views, or have the luxury of affluence to indulge these desires. Moreover, we uncritically hold that heritage, specifically "world heritage," must necessarily be a good thing and thus find it difficult to comprehend groups who support counter claims, whether for the reasons of a religious, moral, economic, or political nature. Exploring how cultural difference is accommodated or elided within the language and practice of archaeological heritage forms the focus of this paper. Taking these two volatile landscapes as my starting point, I argue that the Bamiyan Valley and Lower Manhattan are salient markers that compel us to reflect upon the ordinary construction and conventions surrounding heritage, at home and elsewhere. The World Trade Center as Heritage In New York City on December 31, 2001, the Waterford crystal ball dropped in Times Square to herald the New Year. Literally marked by the events of September 11, the ball was inscribed with the names of those who died and some of the countries who lost citizens in the attacks. The memorialization of the dead through material culture has become a hallmark of post-September 11 culture. Place-making in New York has similarly intensified, from temporary memorials, to thousands of tourists viewing the devastation, to the planning and implementation of new buildings and statues. Some have experienced the materialization as helpful in the healing process, while others see it as commodified outgrowth typical of tourist voyeurism. …

Valuing cultural heritage: applying environmental valuation techniques to historic buildings, monuments and artifacts.

Abstract: Contents Preface PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Why value cultural heritage? Richard C. Ready and Stale Navrud 2 Methods for valuing cultural heritage Richard C. Ready and Stale Navrud PART II CASE STUDIES 3 Social costs and benefits of preserving and restoring the Nidaros Cathedral Stale Navrud and Jon Strand 4 Northumbria: castles, cathedrals and towns Guy Garrod and Kenneth G. Willis 5 Valuing the impacts of air pollution on Lincoln Cathedral Marilena Pollicino and David Maddison 6 Preserving cultural heritage in transition economies: a contingent valuation study of Bulgarian monasteries Susana Mourato, Andreas Kontoleon and Alexi Danchev 7 Valuing different road options for Stonehenge David Maddisson and Susana Mourato 8 The contribution of aboriginal rock paintings to wilderness recreation values in North America Peter Boxall, Jeffrey Englin and Wiktor Adamowicz 9 Economic benefits to foreigners visiting Morocco accruing from the rehabilitation of the Fes Medina Richard T. Carson, Robert C. Mitchell and Michael B. Conaway 10 Component and temporal value reliability in cultural goods: the case of Roman Imperial remains near Naples Patrizia Riganti and Kenneth G. Willis 11 Valuing reduced acid deposition injuries to cultural resources: marble monuments in Washington, D.C. Edward R. Morey, Kathleen Greer Rossmann, Lauraine G. Chestnut and Shannon Ragland 12 Valuing cultural services in Italian museums: a contingent valuation study Marina Bravi, Riccardo Scarpa and Gemma Sirchia 13 A contingent valuation study of the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen Trine Bille 14 Individual preferences and allocation mechanisms for a cultural public good: "Napoli Musei Aperti" Walter Santagata and Giovanni Signorello PART III REVIEW OF STUDIES 15 Review of existing studies, their policy use and future research needs David Pearce, Susana Mourato, Stale Navrud and Richard C. Ready Index

The meaning of place: Attachments to Femundsmarka National Park, Norway, among tourists and locals

Abstract: In Norway, the management of natural and cultural resources is subject to increasing public scrutiny. Conflicts are escalating over many issues concerning the balance between preservation and utilisation. Traditionally conflicts over issues like growth in commercial nature tourism, predator control, forest policies, protected areas management, cultural heritage protection, and rights associated with common access, have been explained in terms of opposing values, attitudes, and goals between urban and rural interests. However, historical differences between the urban and rural in terms of social conditions, employment opportunities, services, cultural norms, and lifestyles are no longer clear-cut or predictable. Nor can differences between urban and rural communities easily explain attitudes or values held in relation to the environment. To examine how a local community and a population of tourists feel about an area we examine data from two separate surveys from the Femundsmarka-Roros region in Southern N...

Cultural and Heritage Tourism in Canada: Opportunities, Principles and Challenges

Abstract: Tourists today are increasingly seeking new and different experiences beyond those provided within 'three S' destinations and traditional holiday places. Heritage appeal within destinations is capturing the interest of a more mature and discerning market. Canada as a destination is well placed to benefit from this trend, marketing heritage over other forms of travel experience. This paper is in three parts. First, a discussion of heritage tourism in Canada is presented that stresses diversity over the myth of a product base that is limited around a few themes, namely Mounties, mountains and moose. Secondly, principles of sustainable heritage tourism are advanced that include authenticity and quality, conserving and protecting the resource base, provision of learning as integral to the experience, and the development of partnerships between hosts, guests and managers. Thirdly, based on field visits undertaken in 1998 to sites containing cultural and heritage tourism attractions within the provinces of Ontario (mainly the southwestern region) and Alberta, these principles are examined and discussion is provided on the challenges managers of sites face in implementing such principles.

Heritage: Identification, Conservation and Management

Abstract: The concept of "heritage" covers the elements of the world that we feel are worth preserving for future generations. This book examines the wide variety of immovable or place-based heritage sites that make up a cultural and national heritage, from historic areas and buildings to the wilderness. Australian perceptions and approaches are discussed and compared to those in the US, New Zealand, and several western European countries.

The dead and their possessions : repatriation in principle, policy and practice

Abstract: Inspired by a key session for the World Archaeological Congress in South Africa, The Dead and their Possessions is the first book to tackle the principle, policy and practice of repatriating museum artefacts, rather than cultural heritage in general. Increasingly, indigenous people world-wide are asserting their fundamental right to determine the future of the human remains of their ancestors, and are requesting their return, often for reburial, with varying degrees of success. This repatriation campaign has become hugely significant in universities and museums where human remains uncovered through archaeological excavation have been retained for the scientific study of past populations. This book will be invaluable to those involved in the collection and repatriation of remains and cultural objects to indigenous groups.

Geoconservation and protected areas

Abstract: IntroductionIn most countries, protected area managers are primarily interested in biology (McNeely & Miller 1984; Nelson & Serafin 1997). This perspective is not suitable for effective nature conservation because there is no real separation between geological and biological processes. Geology is important in all kinds of planning projects because geology is part of all natural systems. Understanding of climate, landforms and biodiversity depends on geological studies. Even human habitation and cultural heritage depend on geology. During the last 30 years, numerous studies have shown that biological conservation is essential to the welfare of all human beings. Nevertheless, the concept of geoconservation and preservation of the geological heritage has appeared only recently (Wilson 1994; Sharples 1998; Barettino et al. 1999, 2000; Osborne 2000).I argue that real nature conservation can only be attained if geology is integrated into protected area management at the same level of importance as biology and all natural processes are considered together.

Cultural heritage as multi-dimensional, multi-value and multi-attribute economic good: toward a new framework for economic analysis and valuation

Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to review critical issues concerning the economic dimensions of cultural heritage, in order to show that—tangible and intangible—“cultural economic” goods and services, as provided by cultural institutions, may be analysed and valued in a multi-dimensional, multi-attribute and multi-value socio-economic environment . On this multi-dimensional and multi-attribute setting, a conceptual framework for analysing cultural services and cultural capital is established. The paper is speculative in nature, suggesting new prospective for evaluation and empirical inquiry. The work is divided in three parts. The first part begins by surveying the literature on merit goods, re-examining how different paradigms, neo-classic and more unconventional, have dealt with the issue, and assessing why, and to what extent, merit good is a proper economic notion. The second part focuses on the role merit good theory should play in cultural economics, and specifically how it is possible to integrate the merit good and the mixed good theoretical and conceptual framework. Cultural resources are to be defined ideally as joint merit-mixed good, on a multi-dimensional scenario. Cultural capital offers and “produces” services and functions, providing private, public and merit good elements of benefit (value). The multi-dimensional framework also entails a multi-paradigmatic perspective, bringing together neo-classic and non-neo-classic elements. The last section summarises and concludes that such an established conceptual framework indicates and supports new routes for economic valuation and policy making concerning the cultural field and cultural institutions. Disaggregating cultural activities into many services and functions allows the analysis to focus on single components of “benefit” supplied by cultural institutions and demanded by users. Valuing culture as a non-holistic resource might help economic analysis and decision-making processes. The main emerging results are: (i) the notion of merit good is relevant for cultural economics and cultural policy, and it represents a relevant ideal “metaphor” and an important dimension of value associated to “cultural functions”; (ii) the inclusion of merit good theory gives the possibility to define cultural stock and services as a compelling case of multi-dimensional categorisation of private, public, mixed and collective services, where different theoretical perspectives are integrated with each other as far as possible; (iii) being intrinsically placed in a dynamic and uncertain setting, merit good theory demonstrates to be, in theoretical and policy term, the necessary a priori for the theory and policy of mixed good provision, both at macro and microeconomic level. Policies motivated by the merit good issue should aim at providing the necessary collective tangible and intangible investments on which long run effects of cultural policies rely; (iv) special effort should be devoted to the study of “demands” associated to cultural goods, emphasising the role of valuation analysis, supported by the conceptual framework here developed. The work intends to constitute a point of reference for future research, generating some controversy and stimulating further contributions.

Touring Ancient Times: The Present and Presented Past in Contemporary Peru

Abstract: Peru offers important perspectives for understanding the presence of the past, particularly as expressed on various landscapes of national and local identity, social and political power, and economic development. As Peru's archaeological past is converted into a vast tourist project, contradictory, negotiated, and contested relationships are played out in a constantly changing drama, with ruins, indigenous people, ordinary city residents, foreign tourists, the Peruvian government, and the private sector as the actors. Concerned with how representations of the past are created and received differently by various groups in Peru, particularly in Cusco and Nazca, I show the importance of concentrating attention on the local context in which the pragmatics and poetics of archaeological tourism are orchestrated, demonstrating the insufficiency of studies focused exclusively on the role of nationalism/nationalist discourse in contemporary constructions of the past. [Keywords: Peru, tourism, authenticity, archaeological heritage, identity]

Digital collections, digital libraries and the digitization of cultural heritage information

Abstract: This paper is based on the transcript of a largely extemporaneous keynote address given at the Web-Wise 2002 Conference on March 20, 2002 at Johns Hopkins University.

Cultural heritage and national identity in Afghanistan

Abstract: An innate sense of the essence of their culture sustained Afghans through 24 years of conflict and displacement. Although they continue to cherish the diversity of regional differences, individuals cling tenaciously to their national identity, upholding traditional values and customs that distinguish them from their neighbours. From the beginning of the twentieth century, attempts to foster unity through nation-building activities in mostly urban areas met with mixed success; the latest attempts to cast Afghans in a puritanical Islamic mould met with disaster. Years of discord stretched taut the fabric of the society and national traits once honoured hallmarks of the culture were compromised. Yet the fundamentals of the culture remain strong, changed in some ways but readily recognisable as uniquely Afghan. Current expectations aim to engage various cultural elements as bonding vehicles to hasten reconstruction and strengthen peace.

Archaeology and Heritage: An Introduction

Abstract: Preface: The Aims of this Book Introductory Interlude: A Note About Literature and Discourses of Heritage and Archaeology 1. Heritage All Around Us 2. Components of the Heritage and Their Treatment 3. Institutions of Heritage 4. 'Public' Archaeologies 1: Defining the Public 5. 'Public' Archaeologies 2: Engaging with the Public 6. The Value 'Debate' in Archaeology 7. Relocating Heritage in Archaeology

Virtual heritage: from the research lab to the broad public

Abstract: Virtual Reality (VR) is n still n a novel and innovative technology w hich, through its current applications, has proved to be a useful visualization tool for a variety of domains, especially those that in volve the visualization of abstract concepts and ideas, spaces that are unreachable or no long er e xist, or objects that m ust be e xamined from diverse and unique points of vie w. Resear ch in virtual reality and archeology is a r ecent application which has lately sho wn consider able g rowth, as the development of interactive computer technologies has inevitably impacted even the more traditional sciences and arts. The increasing development of VR technologies, interfaces, interaction techniques, and devices has greatly improved the efficacy and usability of VR, providing more na tural and obvious modes of inter action and motivational elements. This has helped institutions of informal education, such as museums, media research, and cultural centers to embrace advanced virtual technologies and support their transition from the research laboratory to the public realm. Furthermore, the use of these advanced systems for the implementation of her itage pr ograms in pub lic spaces, enables these institutions to in vestigate their educational potential while effectively shaping how they deliver public awareness and entertainment. Further in this paper we will describe some examples of interactive vir tual heritage en vironments developed for learners of all ages and discuss the issues involved in developing immersive and interactive vir tual archeology projects for the general public. The use of immer sive Virtual Reality (VR) tec hnology accounts almost a decade of r esearch perf ormed exclusively b y the academic, military, and industrial research and development communities. However, as VR technologies mature, research is expanding from the military and scientific visualisa tion realm into more m ultidisciplinary ar eas, such as education, archeology, art, culture, and the humanities. As representative institutions involved in the research and presentation of these fields, museums and cultural heritage centres may be in a better position to make use of advanced virtual reality technologies and contribute to a broad-based public acceptance of technology as a tool for the study and presentation of the past. Nevertheless, the prohibitive costs and inaccessibility of immersive VR technologies, coupled with theoretical issues and issues of usa bility, user training, operation, and maintenance, continue to present practical drawbacks, especially for the cultural and educational use of VR. This paper explores some of these issues through examples of immersive virtual heritage applications for the broad public.

Living in a World Heritage City: stakeholders in the dialectic of the universal and particular

Abstract: This article is based on research undertaken in Quebec city focusing on heritage interpretation and the promotion of 'national identity' The discussion opens with a review of the term heritage, now identified as an 'industry', but also a problematic notion located in the dialectic of the universal and the particular An assessment of the historic quarter, a World Heritage Site, provides the basis for a critique of the differing perspectives and identities used by the various stakeholders, including local residents and visitor groups These various perspectives, on what is a contested 'national' heritage site, are manifested in the promotion of the capital city of New France and separatist Quebec and the benign but nonetheless federal presence represented by Parks Canada, the National Battlefield and National Defence Commissions, which together control and interpret the key heritage sites In giving a voice to the local, the paper articulates the concerns of a declining but increasingly vocal resident gro

Authenticity and historic preservation: towards an authentic history:

Abstract: Authenticity was neither an exclusive criterion nor even a keyword in the rise of the historic preservation movement before the heated controversies over `Heritage' beginning in the late 1960s. Bot...

Tourism business knowledge of World Heritage sites: a New Zealand case study

Abstract: The article reports on a survey of tourism businesses at the Southwest New Zealand and Tongariro National Park World Heritage properties in New Zealand. Despite the international and domestic tourism significance of the properties the survey identified substantial gaps in business knowledge of World Heritage and associated values. Such a situation has implications not only for tourism business education and management in World Heritage areas but also further consideration of the role that World Heritage listing may actually play in attracting visitors as opposed to the intrinsic characteristics of the property. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

From CVR to CVRO: The Past, Present, and Future of Cultural Virtual Reality

Abstract: The authors first sketch the development of cultural virtual reality (CVR) within the overall context of the development of computing since the 1940s. After establishing the nature and ubiquity of virtual reality systems, especially in the 1990s, and predicting their further spread in the coming decade, they argue that the time is ripe for the creation of a new professional association devoted to the computer modeling of cultural heritage sites. The proposed association will be called CVRO (or, "Cultural Virtual Reality Organization”) – a play on the Latin word curo ("I care for”; cfr. English "curate”). It will be open to professors, students, and professionals actively engaged in the theory and practice of cultural virtual reality – the content developers of CVR. The goals of CVRO will include: defining and defending the interests of its members; holding an annual meeting for the exchange of information; hosting a Web site; and developing aesthetic, scientific, and technical standards for cultural virtual reality models. Readers wishing to join CVRO are asked to contact one of the co-authors.

Excavating memories: archaeology and the Great War, 1914-2001

Abstract: The First World War is beginning to receive archaeological attention. This paper highlights the technical, ethical and political challenges, including recovery and re-burial of the multi-faith dead, excavation of battlefield features and volatile ordnance, and incorporating the sensitive management of multi-vocal landscapes as cultural heritage and tourist destinations.

Gardening in the global greenhouse: the impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK.

Abstract: Further copies of this report and the accompanying summary report are available from: iii Preface Preface There are three interrelated phenomena wh i c h need to be identified in reviewing the potential impacts of climate change on gardens. The first is climate change itself. The climatic changes expected in the UK are described in the report Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom: The UKCIP02 Scientific Report (Hulme et al., 2002). This report examines the potential impacts of the expected climate changes on gardens in the UK. The second phenomenon is the occurrence of extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of some extreme weather events, bu t predictions of such events are less certain than those for average changes in climate. Predictions of gale frequency in future are part i c u l a r ly uncertain. The third phenomenon is development. The Earth' s surface has changed dramatically as a result of human activity. Forests have been cleared (in the UK as elsewhere), grasslands have been ploughed and fields covered with houses, factories, motorways and airports. People travel much more widely and much more frequently than was the case even twenty years ago. Some of these changes are root causes of climate change. Others serve to intensify the impacts of climate change or to bring them to wider notice. Covering prev i o u s ly absorbent land surfaces with concrete alters the hydrological balance and exacerbates the severity of floods and droughts caused by extreme weather events. Building houses in floodplains increases the risk and cost of flood damage by orders of magnitude. Moving around the globe results in the spread of pests and diseases, of plants and of humans, to new areas so it is often impossible to say if changes in disease incidence are the results of climate change or of human activity. Much of the information relating to climate change and gardens is anecdotal. In order to draw on well founded scientific research it has been necessary to m ove outside the garden and use data from research on agricultural and horticultural crops, and in forestry and nature conservation. This is logical because the plants grown on farms and in forests, or which are managed in nature reserves, also play an important part in gardens. There are important differences though between monocultur-al stands of …

Towards Cultural Citizenship: Tools for Cultural Policy and Development

Abstract: Book resulting from research commissioned by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation to build the knowledge and evidence base for cultural policy using a range of conceptual tools including social and cultural capital, capability theory, cultural mapping and cultural planning.