Showing papers on "Disadvantaged published in 1986"
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Peterson, Rabe, and Wong examined the new conventional wisdom about federal grants as mentioned in this paper and found that these same programs have been criticized for excessive regulations and red tape, bureaucratic ineptitude, and high cost.
Abstract: Twenty years ago cooperative federalism, in the form of federal grant-in-aid programs administered by state and local governments, was applauded almost without reservation as the best means of helping the handicapped, the educationally disadvantaged, the poor, and other groups with special needs. More recently these same programs have been criticized for excessive regulations and red tape, bureaucratic ineptitude, and high cost. The criticisms have been used to justify efforts to curb federal domestic spending and terminate many grants-in-aid.In "When Federalism Works," Paul E. Peterson, Barry G. Rabe, and Kenneth K. Wong examine the new conventional wisdom about federal grants. Through documentary research and hundreds of interviews with local, state, and federal administrators and elected officials, they consider the implementation and operation of federal programs for education, health care, and housing in four urban areas to learn which programs worked, when, and why. Why did rent subsidy programs encounter seemingly endless difficulties, while special education was a notable success? Why did compensatory education fare better in Milwaukee than in Baltimore? Among the factors the authors find significant are the extent to which a program is directed toward groups in need, the political and economic circumstances of the area in which it is implemented, and the degree of professionalism among those who administer it at all levels of government. "When Federalism Works" provides a solid introduction to the most important grant-in-aid programs of the past twenty years and a thoughtful assessment of where they might be going.
171 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of retention and attrition after the freshman year among disadvantaged students at an urban, primarily non-residential, university was conducted, where a conceptual model developed by Tinto (1975) was applied to a group of students who, through a special program, were admitted to a senior college within The City University of New York.
Abstract: This paper reports a study of retention and attrition after the freshman year among disadvantaged students at an urban, primarily non-residential, university. Economically and academically disadvantaged college students are widely known to be at risk for attrition, which highlights the need to investigate the process among members of this group. Substantial progress has been made developing and testing explanatory models of college student withdrawal, but they have only begun to be directly applied to special groups of students such as the disadvantaged. The study applies a conceptual model developed by Tinto (1975) to a group of students who, through a special program, were admitted to a senior college within The City University of New York. The paper tests the predictive validity of major constructs in the model. It was shown to be sensitive to the dimensions of student-institutional fit operating in the situation, and indicated that academic integration was the most salient aspect of development for th...
138 citations
TL;DR: This article explored citizens' beliefs about the fairness of the procedures by which outcome distributions are made, and found that people's beliefs about procedures are often more important than their beliefs about fairness in the distribution of income or opportunity.
Abstract: Objectively disadvantaged groups in American society often fail to take political actions that would rectify their disadvantaged state. Scholarly treatments of this failure to mobilize have traditionally examined the beliefs of the disadvantaged about distributive fairness, i.e., about the fair distribution of money or opportunities across members of society. This paper explores citizens' beliefs about the fairness of the procedures by which outcome distributions are made. We argue that procedural evaluations are a key input into evaluations of the political system and, through such evaluations, into political actions. In fact, people's beliefs about procedures are often more important than their beliefs about the fairness of the distribution of income or opportunity. An examination of procedural justice beliefs suggests, in turn, that citizens' views about the fairness of procedures focus on opportunities to speak rather than on actual control over decisions. This focus on voice probably results from socialization. In the terminology of Crosby and Clayton [(1986) “Introduction: The Search for Connections,” Journal of Social Issues, 42(2), 1–9], people's societal values may override their experiences with their current objective situation in the development of their views about society. As a result, objectively unjust procedures may be viewed as fair.
102 citations
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Theories of social conflict, of revolution, and of envy have analyzed inequalities from the viewpoint of the disadvantaged as mentioned in this paper, and they have been used to examine how people deal with being disadvantaged: when do they consider their lot unjust and possibly suffer from it? When do they tend to act against perceived injustice? When they put their lot into perspective and justify it?
Abstract: Resources are distributed unequally Differences in wealth, prestige, education, freedom, or power are common, within and between families, organizations, social classes, countries, and so forth Historians, social philosophers, sociologists, and psychologists have often examined how people deal with being disadvantaged: When do they consider their lot unjust and possibly suffer from it? When do they tend to act against perceived injustice? When do they put their lot into perspective and justify it? Theories of social conflict, of revolution, and of envy have analyzed inequalities from the viewpoint of the disadvantaged
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationships among sex and math/science career self-efficacy, interests, and consideration for disadvantaged students who participated in a precollege program.
81 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results indicate that much progress has been made in equalizing access since the War on Poverty was initiated in the mid-1960s, but children with substantial health problems from low-income families continue to lag behind their higher income counterparts in similar health.
Abstract: Using data from the 1981 Child Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey, we examined differences in access to ambulatory services for children of different family incomes. The results indicate that much progress has been made in equalizing access since the War on Poverty was initiated in the mid-1960s. Poor children with superior health status now generally see physicians at the same rates as children in similar health but from higher income families. However, children with substantial health problems from low-income families continue to lag behind their higher income counterparts in similar health. Medicaid was shown to substantially improve access to ambulatory services for economically disadvantaged children in poor health, but less than half of these children are covered by Medicaid. Recent changes in federal and state policies concerning Medicaid are discussed as well as policy options for addressing the needs of children afflicted by both poverty and ill health.
60 citations
20 Apr 1986
55 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, the Enseignement aux enfants demunis : une etude ethnographique en Amerique latine is described in French, with a focus on children.
Abstract: Library has French version: Enseignement aux enfants demunis : une etude ethnographique en Amerique latine
35 citations
TL;DR: The authors reported findings from a national survey of Hispanic financial aid recipients, and has the unusual feature of having student self-reports of income (theirs or their parents') and verified income figures.
Abstract: This study reports findings from a national survey of Hispanic financial aid recipients, and has the unusual feature of having student self-reports of income (theirs or their parents') and verified income figures. The findings are that students do not know very well how much they or their families earn; contrary to other studies, these data reveal that over half the students overestimated actual income. The implications of overreporting are discussed, both for aid awards and use of such self-reports in studies of students. The study warns against the consequences of requiring additional verification.
30 citations
01 Mar 1986
TL;DR: This article studied how 52 children, aged five to seven years, were heard to read in school by their class teachers and at home by their parents, in a primary school in a disadvantaged area of the north of England.
Abstract: The principal way in which parents can be involved in the teaching of reading is by hearing their own children read at home. However, doubts have been expressed about their competence in this role. Despite its importance this is an under‐researched area. Most studies, whether experimental or naturalistic, have restricted themselves to teachers and to particular aspects of their performance considered to be of theoretical significance, usually their responses to children's miscues. Some studies have attempted a more comprehensive description of what teachers do but there has not been any comparable research into parents hearing reading. This research studied how 52 children, aged five to seven years, were heard to read in school by their class teachers and at home by their parents. They were participants in a parental involvement project at a primary school in a disadvantaged area of the north of England. Tape recordings were made of children reading in both settings. School reading sessions tende...
TL;DR: Comparisons of the groups of disadvantaged mothers and children when the children were 24, 42, and 64 months old and at first grade suggest that initial differences in maternal support for the child eventually led to differences in mother-child interaction and in ratings of child behavior by mothers and teachers.
Abstract: Two groups of disadvantaged mothers and children were formed on the basis of the mothers' histories of relationships with men. Comparisons of the groups when the children were 24, 42, and 64 months old and at first grade suggest that initial differences in maternal support for the child eventually led to differences in mother-child interaction and in ratings of child behavior by mothers and teachers.
TL;DR: The authors discusses various factors that have been found to be associated with academic discrepancies between disadvantaged and advantaged groups, current intervention programs, and implications for educators, local communities, and families.
Abstract: Since the early 1960s, researchers have reported that children from typically economically depressed ethnic groups, such as blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians, tend to score lower than do white children on various measures of cognitive ability and academic success, are disproportionately placed in special classes for the mentally retarded and the learning disabled, and drop out of high school at rates much higher than those of whites. The literature on these findings is extensive.1 This article discusses various factors that have been found to be associated with academic discrepancies between disadvantaged and advantaged groups, current intervention programs, and implications for educators, local communities, and families.
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used empirical results from field investigations in selected areas of the Federal Republic of Germany to find an answer to these questions, and concluded that for disadvantaged rural areas of developed societies pan time farming will be the only solution to keep these regions functionally and structurally intact to the benefit of those involved and of the whole society.
Abstract: Will part time farming be a survival strategy for rural societies, and in particular a solution for the development of disadvantaged rural areas in industrial societies? Using empirical results from field investigations in selected areas of the Federal Republic of Germany the paper tries to find an answer to these questions. It concludes, that for disadvantaged rural areas of developed societies pan time farming will be the only solution to keep these regions functionally and structurally intact to the benefit of those involved and of the whole society.
Resume
TL;DR: The findings supported the experimental hypothesis that asking the child to enact someone 'clever' (and in one instance someone 'not clever'), would modify the child's performance on the Matching Familiar Figures test as against performance under standard administrative conditions.
Abstract: — A series of four studies was conducted to investigate the influence of role enactment on problem-solving in 6–10 yr old children from a disadvantaged background. It was hypothesized that asking the child to enact someone ‘clever’ (and in one instance someone ‘not clever’), would modify the child's performance on the Matching Familiar Figures test as against performance under standard administrative conditions. Apart from the 6 yr old sample, the findings supported the experimental hypothesis. In addition, the speech of 7 and 8 yr old impulsive and reflective children, and children previously administered reflectivity training schemes, was analyzed in terms of a classification scheme of reflexivity. No differences were found between these groups on the measures of reflexivity used in speech. The implications of these findings and this approach for disadvantaged children are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the unfairness of standardized examinations is a serious obstacle to the educational progress of "disadvantaged minority students." They further cite a fact that is widely known by educators: oppor-
Abstract: Tests, particularly standardized examinations, having been deemed important in the United States, prevail at essentially every level of formal education. Because standardized examinations are primarily norm-referenced, they are scored on the basis of how individuals perform in comparison to others taking the same tests-an example of competition in the clearest sense. But that structure lends to the intrusion of factors unrelated to content knowledge, such as testtaking sophistication and overall test-taking abilities; and, those factors create score differences beyond that accounted for by variances in knowledge acquisition. Nonetheless, competition plays a central role in this society, which Astin' described as containing essential trappings of a meritocracy. For example, rewards in a meritocratic society are allocated on the basis of performance, theoretically with the greatest share going to those who perform best.2 Although the concept of meritocracy is a generally accepted societal value, many minority students have not received the type of educational opportunities that allow them to compete equally in such a system.3 Accordingly, Astin contended that meritocratic practices pose the most serious obstacle to the educational progress of "disadvantaged minorities." He further cited a fact that is widely known by educators: oppor-
TL;DR: Performance on the American College Testing Program college entrance examination revealed significantly higher achievement by the project students, and project students chose professional careers earlier and more frequently than matched high school students not receiving this special program, but similar to medical students and premedical students.
Abstract: To address physician maldistribution in Alabama and the Southeast region, The University of Alabama established the Biomedical Sciences Preparation Program (BioPrep) in five rural high schools. Its purpose is to help rural, disadvantaged high school students develop academically and socially so that they will be motivated and able to enroll in and progress successfully through college, specifically in pre-health professional curricula. It aims to develop their desire to return eventually to rural areas of Alabama as professionals. Project students are compared with two control groups. Performance on the American College Testing Program college entrance examination revealed significantly higher achievement by the project students. The project students also chose professional careers earlier and more frequently than matched high school students not receiving this special program, but similar to medical students and premedical students. The implications of the project for increasing the size of the rural, disadvantaged student applicant pool are discussed. ( JAMA 1986;256:2548-2551)
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Eisen et al. as discussed by the authors found that 20% of the children in the free world are negatively affected by biological (e.g., chronic disease) and psychological stressors such as parental divorce, and social, economic, or cultural factors have an impact on youth.
Abstract: Like adults, children today have to deal with the realities of a rapidly moving, high pressure world. Eisen (1979) estimated that 20% of the children in the free world are negatively affected by biological (e.g., chronic disease) and psychological stressors (e.g., parental divorce). Additionally, many social, economic, or cultural factors (e.g., disadvantaged families, high pressure schools) have an impact on youth. These facts support the opinion that counselors must find ways to help young people deal with pressures early in their lives so that they will not experience stress-related disorders as adults.
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, a computer search using ERIC (Educational Resource Information Center) was carried out for this research and other relevant sources were also relevant sources, such as international social sciences journals, and relevant research reports.
Abstract: s, international social sciences journals, and other relevant research reports. A computer search using ERIC (Educational Resource Information Center) was also carried out for this research. Other relevant sources were also
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TL;DR: In this paper, an exploratory study of the situation of Haitian refugees in the U.S., based on extensive interviews and conversations with health care providers around the state of Florida, is presented.
Abstract: This paper reports an exploratory study of the situation of Haitian refugees in the U.S., based on extensive interviews and conversations with health care providers around the state of Florida. The study raises the issues that are applicable to other disadvantaged subcultures, and illustrates the need for further, more rigorous fact-finding and attention by health care providers. Suggestions for social workers working in cross-cultural settings are also discussed.
TL;DR: This paper examined a comparative sample of native and non-native Canadian elderly and found that the native population is seriously disadvantaged in terms of housing and health care services, and that the elderly in Canada rely almost exclusively on informal networks and assistance from formal agencies.
Abstract: This study examines a comparative sample of native and non-native Canadian elderly. Findings indicate that the native population is seriously disadvantaged in terms of housing and health care services. In terms of informal networks and assistance to the elderly, native Canadians rely almost exclusively on informal networks while others receive some assistance from formal agencies as well. These and other issues are discussed relative to future research and the development of theory.
TL;DR: This paper reviewed education and social mobility in relation to Filipinos in the United States and found that education may not be the "great equalizer" it was once purported, but it can, and often does, increase one's opportunities United States census statistics show that additional years of schooling result in increased earnings, although the size of the increment varies among different population groups.
Abstract: Education was once considered as “the great equalizer,” the means by which those who were economically or socially disadvantaged could increase their life chances and improve their station Today, the notion of education as the key factor in upward mobility is not so easily accepted kr example, Lipset and Bendix, and Blau and Duncan have shown the importance of education in achieving high social and occupational status and income, and Nachmias gives evidence that higher levels of education increase one’s chances for power and prestige’ On the other hand, the studies of Coleman, Gintis, and Jencks throw doubts on the dominance of education over other factors affecting mobility2 Although there is debate around education and status attainment, the controversy seems to revolve not so much on whether education is important, as on whether it is dominant in determining social mobility or status attainment This paper takes the position that education may not be the “great equalizer” it was once purported, but it can, and often does, increase one’s opportunities United States census statistics show that additional years of schooling result in increased earnings, although the size of the increment varies among different population groups This paper will review education and social mobility in relation to Filipinos in the United States What factors affect the educational aspirations of Filipino high school seniors is the focus of a survey conducted by the author From this study, recommendations to increase the educational participation and level of Filipino Americans will be offered