Showing papers on "Gender and development published in 1991"

Changing Perceptions: Writings on gender and development

Abstract: Women's needs and abilities are often ignored by development planners; even 'women's projects' often reflect gender stereotypes which maintain a prejudicial situation. These collected articles give an overview of many aspects of gender and development.

The role of gender in agricultural development

Abstract: What factors contributed to adoption of a gender perspective among those centers that have done so successfully? Why have the other International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs) found it difficult to deal with gender issues? What next steps should be taken by the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) system to ensure system-wide attention to gender? Guided by these questions, the paper begins with an overview of the rationale for including gender issues in agricultural research and development, then summarizes the existing gender issues recommendations made to the CGIAR system. A synthesis of the discussion and recommendations made on differential user groups and gender issues at the 1987 International Centers Week is included. The next section highlights innovative strategies and approaches taken by some centers to deal with certain gender issues. This is followed by an analysis of the reasons for the difficulties within the IARC community of incorporating gender-sensitive research and development. Based on this analysis, and drawing upon the successful experiences from within the CGIAR system, the final section outlines next steps and alternative strategies to assist the CGIAR system in achieving a better gender balance in the methods and operation of its research program.

Two halves make a whole: balancing gender relations in development.

Abstract: This manual was designed to provide practical analytical tools to Canadian nongovernmental organizations seeking to incorporate gender awareness and activities based on this awareness into their international development efforts. The first part of the manual which considers broad issues in gender and development (GAD) summarizes emerging theory and the analytical tools that when applied to development work can result in more equitable benefits for women and the poor and enable these groups to gain more control over their lives. This section also explores the policy and structural implications and limitations posed by such a GAD analysis. Part 2 focuses on GAD training and provides 1) information on developing a training program; 2) examples of training exercises; 3) a discussion of recurring issues; 4) summaries in the form of tables and graphs that illustrate gender differentials the transition from the "women in development" paradigm to GAD the major ideas of the GAD approach and a comparison of practical needs and strategic interests; and 5) sample agendas for workshops of various lengths. The third part of the manual deals with case studies and describes the learning gains that can be achieved from working with development project case studies as well as examples of studies that focus on practical needs/strategic interests gender disaggregated data and program planning. Part 4 presents elaborate case studies that deal with the integration of the GAD analysis in organizations in a program in Indonesia and in a project in Niger. The final part traces the evolution of GAD theories and practice.

Gender Issues in agrarian reform and rural non-farm enterprises

Abstract: Inasmuch as a large portion of the family labor force in the farm is women and youth, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program can substantially impact on the role of these groups on development. This paper reviews the gender issues in rural nonfarm enterprises (NFEs) and agrarian reform areas. It identifies the role of women in NFEs and agrarian reform areas and shows how various government policies reinforce or impinge on their role. It also identifies empirical issues that need further investigation, including claims that have not yet been validated by empirical results.

Gender and agricultural change in North‐East Argentina

Abstract: (1991). Gender and agricultural change in North‐East Argentina. The European Journal of Development Research: Vol. 3, Sustainable Development, pp. 161-181.

Gender, Trees, and Fuel: in West Bengal, Social Forestry India

Abstract: This paper argues that participation in, and benefits from, social forestry are mediated by both class and gender. In three case-study villages in Midnapore District, West Bengal, it was found that although farm forestry was taken up by some members of all income groups, the lowest level of participation was among the poorest households. The level of women's participation in planning and implementation was less than that of men; however, women are at present gaining significant fuel benefits in the form of eucalyptus leaves. Class divisions between women also result in differentiated access to the new fuel resource. HE RELATIONSHIP between rural people and their environment is on the international agenda, particularly in the context of global deforestation and the ensuing shortage of fuel and small timber in rural areas. One way that rural development planners and policy makers are attempting to re-establish the peoplelresource balance is through "social forestry"-tree growing that involves rural people's participation-which is intended to meet subsistence wood-based needs. This paper examines the impact of a social forestry project on three villages in Midnapore district of West Bengal, India. It specifically deals with the issues of participation in, and benefits from, the project. and examines how the distribution of these is mediated by class and gender.' It is argued that opportunities for participation were more limited for women than men; that short-term fuel benefits are accruing to women, but long-term income benefits are likely to be controlled by men; and that women from richer households have gained more than women from poorer households, although some poor households are definitely benefitting from the project. The paper is divided into two sections. In the first I will identify my research objectives in relation to theoretical questions on participation, gender and development, provide background information on the study area and the project plans, as well as briefly note the methodology used in the field research and data analysis. In the second section, project implementation and participation are examined in relation to class and gender, and proj