Showing papers on "Gender and development published in 2000"

Gender Inequalities and Economic Growth: A Longitudinal Evaluation

Abstract: This longitudinal evaluation of gender inequalities and economic growth addresses key questions in the evolving debate over the character of gender differentiation and the goals of womens empowerment. These questions include: 1) whether the impact of strategies of economic growth served to enhance or undermine the status of women; 2) whether changes in the status of women were accompanied by significant changes in gender inequality; and 3) the implications for existing debates. Section I reviews several sets of literature pertinent to the questions using three general approaches: modernization-neoclassical women in development and gender and development. Section II presents the data and methods used in the evaluation. The research assessed the contending interpretations reviewed in the first section by combining another set of cross-sectional and longitudinal data on womens status and inequalities between men and women with other existing indicators. Section III discusses the results in the following order: 1) cross-sectional patterns in womens status; 2) trends in womens status; 3) cross-sectional patterns in inequality between men and women; 4) trends in inequality between men and women; and 5) conclusion. Finally section IV presents an overall discussion of the findings of the whole longitudinal evaluation.

Norm negotiations. The construction of new norms regarding gender and development in EU foreign aid policy

Abstract: The aim of this article is to explain norm change regarding gender and development in the EU. I trace the policy process from initiation to implementation to clarify how new norms were introduced and spread. The article combines a constructivist approach to norm diffusion with a negotiation perspective. Constructivist accounts underline the role of norm entrepreneurs and how they persuade others to internalize new norms. Insufficient attention is, however, paid to norm resistance. A focus on strategic negotiations is therefore needed to understand norm diffusion processes fully. Gender entrepreneurs were confronted by less convinced colleagues in Council committees. The new norms had to fight their way into institutional thinking, competing with traditional norms like economic growth. Norm negotiations took two major forms: text negotiations and implementation negotiations. After a gender resolution was taken, the new document became an important reference point, which has facilitated the institutionaliza...

Missing men? Reflections on men masculinities and gender in GAD

Abstract: This article explores the implications of missing men for Gender and Development. Men, in all their diversity, are largely missing from representations of 'gender issues' and 'gender relations' in GAD. Mainstream development purveys its own set of stereotypical images of men, serving equally to miss the variety of men who occupy other, more marginal, positions in households and communities. Men remain residual and are often missing from institutionalised efforts to tackle gender inequity. Portrayed and engaged with only in relation to women, men are presumed to be powerful and are represented s problematic obstacles to equitable development. Men's experiences of powerlessness remain outside the frame of GAD, so threatening is the idea of the marginal man. Amidst widespread agreement that changing men, as well as women, is crucial if GAD is to make a difference, new strategies are needed. This article suggests that rather than simply 'bringing men in', the issues raised by reflecting on men, masculinities and gender in GAD require a more radical questioning of the analytical categories used in GAD, and a revised politics of engagement.

Mainstreaming men into gender and development: debates, reflections and experiences

Abstract: * 'Men-streaming' gender? Questioning new currents in gender and development policy * Men: a missing factor in gender and development policy? * Reasons for the marginalisation of men in gender and development policy * Including men in gender and development: principles and rationales * Including men in gender and development: practice, experiences, and perspectives from development organisations * Moving men from obstacles to collaborators: many rivers to cross? * Appendices * Interview guide for organisations * Individuals and organisations consulted * Notes * References * Tables Table 2.1: Main WID policy approaches Table 2.2: Main policy approaches post-WID and GAD Table 2.3: Gender analysis frameworks Table 3.1: Gender-related Development Index (GDI): selected countries, 1995 Table 3.2: Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM): selected countries

Ending Violence Against Women: A Challenge for Development and Humanitarian Work

Abstract: Preface Introduction Part 1: Exploring violence against women 1. Explaining violence against women as a development concern Defining violence against women The causes and the perpetrators Poverty and violence against women: exporing the link Some useful concepts from gender and development Supporting women's empowerment and avoiding violent backlash Summary and implications for development organisations 2. Human rights and development responses to violence against women Human rights approaches to violence against women An integrated response: human rights and development Summary and implications for development organisations 3. The prevalence, forms, and impacts of violence against women Problems in estimating the prevalence of violence against women Forms of violence against women The impact of violence upon women Summary and implications for development organisations 4. The contexts in which violence against women occurs Violence and social institutions Violence against women in times of change and crisis Summary and implications for development organisations Part 2: Strategies for challenging violence against women 5. Direct support to the survivors of violence What are the options available to women? Creating a safe space Supporting women's access to law and justice Supporting women to overcome the mental and physical impacts of violence Long-tern strategies: creating a livelihood The right to individual petition under the Women's Convention Planning support interventions for women survivors of violence Summary and implications for development organisations 6. Challenges to violent men Why work with male perpetrators? Direct challenges to violent men Ending violence through fostering women's empowerment 'Healing the abuser : working with male perpetrators Summary and implications for development organisations 7. Challenging attitudes and beliefs Raising awareness and ending stigma Challenging attitudes by recording violence against women Challenging attitudes by harnessing the media Challenging attitudes through public education and information campaigns Group work to build 'critical consciousness' of violence against women Summart and implications for development organisations 8. Challenging the State Strengthening legal responses to violence against women Building the capacity of state workers to challenge violence Achieving attitudinal change at the level of the State Strengthening state provision of health and welfare Lobbying for state provision of shelters Transforming state-instigated research Training of state officials State involvement in education campaigns NGO lobbying of governments to effect change Summary and implications for development organisations 9. Conclusion: planning for freedom from violence A rights-based approach to development Strategies for tackling violence against women Indentifying trends Policy implications for international NGOs Ending violence against women? Appendix 1 The three phases of Rape Trauma Syndrome Appendix 2 The KwaZulu Natal programme for the Survivors of Violence framework for understanding the effects of political violence and responding to it Notes Bibliography Index

Women, culture, development: a new paradigm for development studies?

Abstract: We argue that existing approaches to development, including the women in development [WID] and gender and development [GAD] perspectives, fall short in their treatment of culture, and that a new paradigm, which we term 'Women, Culture and Development' [WCD], represents a way forward. Linking the fields of feminist studies, cultural studies and critical development studies, a WCD framework highlights culture as lived experiences and structures of feeling, attends to the relationship between production and reproduction in women's lives, and centres women's agency and struggles. A multi-ethnic and multiracial feminist approach to development studies, and an explicit engagement with culture can shift economistic and overly structural analyses to highlight the experiences, identities, practices and representations of Third World women. We illustrate the potential of a WCD paradigm with discussions of the environment and sexuality, and conclude with a sketch of the future visions and political possibilities of ...

From ‘Woman-Blind’ to ‘Man-Kind’Should Men Have More Space in Gender and Development?

Abstract: Summaries This article considers a series of conceptual, practical and strategic reasons why Gender and Development policy and planning might benefit from incorporating men to a greater degree than has been the case thus far. The article is divided into three main sections. The first sketches in some of the background to the emergence of interest in ‘men in GAD’. The second outlines some of the main problems associated with the exclusion of men from gender planning at institutional and grassroots levels. The third identifies how a more active and overt incorporation of men as gendered and engendering beings in gender policy and planning has the potential of expanding the scope of gender and development interventions, and of furthering struggles to achieve greater and more sustained equality between men and women.

"Queering" development: exploring the links between same-sex sexualities, gender, and development.

Abstract: This article argues that gender and development policy and practice would be enhanced by embracing the challenges to conventional definitions of sex and gender that 'queer theory' poses. The author draws on insights from cultural studies, and discusses the experience of lesbian and gay activists from China as well as Europe and Africa.

Toward a feminist politics : the Indian Women's Movement in historical perspective

Abstract: The women's movement in India progressed during the period of high nationalism and the freedom struggle, both of which shaped its contours. Among the movement's many achievements, the most significant were the constitutional guarantees of equal rights for women and universal adult suffrage. However, these guarantees did little to bring about social and material change in the lives of most Indian women. A New Women's movement, articulated to mass and popular politics, emerged in the 1970s. But, patriarchy remains deeply entrenched in India, influencing the structure of its political and social institutions and determining the opportunities open to women and men. The negotiation and conflict between patriarchy and the women's movement are central to the constitution of the nation-state. This paper explores these issues by examining two debates that have rocked the women's movement and Indian society: over the Uniform Civil Code and the proposed reservation for women of seats in legislative bodies. These controversies have contributed to and bear the mark of deep cleavages within the women's movement-cleavages due to caste, class, and community. To understand the full implications of these controversies and their divisive consequences, it is essential to understand their long-term historical roots. The discussion here draws out various positions within the women's movement and arguments advanced by the government, the media, and others.

Changing gender relations in Vietnam's post doi moi era

Abstract: This study documents existing evidence on the gender effects of the recent social and economic transition in Vietnam. Although gender disparities are often attributed to Confucian traditions around men and women's roles, these traditions alone do not explain the variant forms of gender inequality in Vietnam today. The formation of new social hierarchies arising from the transition to a market economy further raises the question of whether gender alone without reference to other forms of social differentiation is an adequate analytic construct for assessing the impact of the reforms. This report provides an analysis of national trends, a review of the recent literature on gender, and a household level analysis of gender roles in both an urban and a rural community. Findings are presented on changing intra-household relations, mobility and social differentiation in the market economy, and new forms of political participation and knowledge. Specific recommendations are provided to address emerging gender inequalities at the household and community level and in light of larger national trends.

Moving the goalposts: gender and globalisation in the twenty-first century.

Abstract: Development institutions saw their work challenged by those working on gender and development in the last third of the twentieth century. Ruth Pearson argues that the new century will witness an assertion of the global relevance of gender in development, and see gender analysis applied in new contexts, and to men as well as women.

‘Did the Earth Move?’The Hazards of Bringing Men and Masculinities into Gender and Development

Abstract: Summaries This article offers a critical review of the new masculinities' literature in the light of the continuing dominance of patriarchal relations in society and development institutions. It argues that this necessarily challenges accepted understandings of sex/gender in GAD, representing both risk and opportunity. ‘Masculinity’ is at present a highly ambiguous, multi‐purpose term, which needs to be more sharply defined if it is to be of analytical use, particularly in cross‐cultural contexts. The identification of the study of masculinity with the study of men needs to be broken. Bringing men in must not mean replacing a focus on women with a focus on men, but a genuinely integrated and relational approach. This should include locating gender within broader dimensions of power and social difference, and recognising its symbolic as well as material aspects.

All change? Men, women and reproductive work in the global economy

Abstract: Gender analysis of globalisation has focused exclusively on women and production — that is the impact of changes in the global economy on women's labour force participation. There is little analysis until now either on the implications of globalisation on the gender division of labour in reproductive work either in the monetised economy or the household in spite of extensive research on the impacts of economic reforms and structural adjustment policies on public provision of social services, such as health and education. This study argues that a focus on men's roles is essential in order to capture the wider dimensions of the gendered processes of globalisation and inform the current debate on global social policies in the context of labour flexibility and welfare reform.

Continuities and Discontinuities in Political Constructions of the Working Man in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa: The ‘lazy Man’ in African Agriculture

Abstract: This study is concerned with some contemporary development discourses about rural (black) African work in which gendered representations figure prominently. In attempts to make African women's work visible, where once it was not, some analysts have slipped into representing African rural men as not doing very much at all. Discourses of ‘lazy’ men have a long history in European ideas about rural sub-Saharan Africa, occurring wherever rural men resisted colonial labour regimes and coercive forms of rural development. An early example from Kenya is discussed, together with a situation on the Zambian Copperbelt, in which Africans themselves developed stereotyped ideas about work and idleness as aspects of ethnic identity. Underemployed male peasants are also central to Lewis's 1950s’ theories of developing economies. The second part of the study centres on the role of time-use research in a recent World Bank document on gender and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. A careful dissection of its lead study suggests that this research is presented in ways which underplay men's contribution to farming. The study suggests that the context for this highly politicised representation of gender relations in rural households lies in the need to explain why market liberalisation strategies of the last 15 years have not produced sufficient growth in African agriculture. The implication is that such growth could occur if only underemployed (‘lazy'?) African men would work harder.

Rethinking gender and development practice for the twenty-first century

Abstract: People are confused about the concept of gender as used in development planning and practice, and male-dominated institutions are still resistant to it. This is threatening the achievement of women's rights and equality and the transformation of gender relations, argues Judy El-Bushra, and explores some definitions.

Partners in women‐headed households: Emerging masculinities?

Abstract: This study examines changing expressions of masculinity and gender relations of power in Colombian women-headed households in which men are working, and women have access to micro credit linked to the financial NGO Women's World Banking. At the level of the household analysis, the study examines the bargaining process within households and gender segregation of work activities. The study describes the labour market context within which the dynamic of gender relations between couples has taken place. Some men have found in women's homebased businesses an alternative form of work and survival. This process has been characterised by female leadership, relations of co-operation and changes in gender identities. The analysis raises some questions and suggestions about gender aware policy in development programmes.

Masculinity, male domestic authority and female labour participation in South India

Abstract: The failure of gender and development studies to investigate men's gendering casts doubt on the value of much extant feminist research In the context of household studies the investigation of men and masculinity through male informants is in danger of merely redirecting the object of essentialism and pathologisation from men to that of women Examining the way people employ discourses on gender identity in their attempts to define and contest household relations will enable us to develop a more empathetic approach to the difficulties facing poor men without losing sight of the consequences for women of domestic hierarchies

Rethinking Participatory Empowerment, Gender and Development: The PRA Approach

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State policies and women's autonomy in China, the Republic of Korea, and India 1950 - 2000 : lessons from contrasting experiences

Abstract: The report compares changes in gender roles and women's empowerment in China, the Republic of Korea, and India. Around 1950, when all these countries had new governments following revolution or the end of colonial rule, they were largely poor and agrarian, with many cultural commonalities which placed similar severe constraints on women's autonomy. They adopted very different paths of development, which are known to have profoundly affected development outcomes in these countries. However, these choices have also had tremendous impact on gender outcomes, and today these countries show striking differences in the extent of gender equity achieved: China has achieved the most, and the Republic of Korea the least. The report concludes that: a) States can exert enormous influence over gender equity. They can mitigate cultural influences on women's autonomy, or slow down the pace of change in gender equity despite rapid integration of women in education, formal employment, and urbanization. b) The impact of policies to provide opportunities for women's empowerment can be greatly enhanced if accompanied by communication efforts to alter cultural values which place heavy constraints to women's accessing these opportunities.

Do men matter? New horizons in gender and development.

Abstract: Several issues relating to ways of perceiving men in Gender and Development (GAD) are addressed. The articles included in the issue explicitly or implicitly deal with ‘crises of masculinity’ but differ considerably in their analyses and suggested solutions. Focus is on the efficacy of projects in affecting gendered power relations; the dominant and changing definitions of mens roles; understanding the fears and insecurities that men experience in their relationships with women; the problems associated with lack of employment and the stereotyping of alternative employment opportunities such as womens work; and the link between individual state action with the development of damaging forms of masculinity expressed in violence. Common to all is the need to locate the individual actions and beliefs of men and women within a wider framework of social economic and political change. As such better understanding of gender relationships during the transition of emphasis from Women in Development to GAD requires investigation on mens roles monitoring of changes in gender relationships over time development of positive role models for men ensuring the support of the legal frameworks for gender equity and improvement of gender training within development organizations.

Gender and forced migration: editorial.

Abstract: The issue of Forced Migration Review comes at a time when Gender and Development as a body of theoretical and professional practice is at a critical point in its evolution. Gender and Development (GAD) takes as its starting point the idea that the behaviour of men and women is conditioned by social and cultural expectations rather than by innate or natural differences between the two sexes. These assumed differences result in injustice when they are reflected in differential access to decision-making power or when they carry with them discriminatory attitudes and values. (excerpt)

Men at work

Abstract: This introductory essay argues that consideration of gender divisions of labour with a focus on men might move gender analysis in a direction which delivers greater attention to the relational, a more animated and agentic approach to those processes which produce divisions of labour, and a broadening of temporal frames and notions of reciprocity, as the context within which perceptions of gender equity are embedded. It argues that class variation is absolutely critical to the linkages between employment and gender power experienced by men, and that money management is a key to successful achievement of adult manliness, but beset with contradictory messages. The essay makes a number of methodological points; that invisibility might afflict some kinds of male work, that work definitions manifest exclusions, and that embodied understandings of work are as relevant to men's as women's work, before going on to raise questions about the meaning and value of provider identities to men and women. Attending more c...

Advancing gender equality: World Bank action since Beijing.

Abstract: This report outlines actions taken by the World Bank in integrating gender equality into its work since the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. The World Banks mission is to reduce poverty and improve well-being by helping low- and middle-income countries achieve sustainable and equitable development. The Bank pursues its missions through a variety of instruments which include 1) lending to governments 2) policy advice 3) technical assistance 4) capacity building and 5) research activities. Increasingly it works in partnership with all levels of government other international and donor organizations the private sector and civil society. The Beijing Conference in which the Bank actively participated is one of the forces driving the Banks efforts to deepen its gender focus. At the conference womens organizations recommended the Bank to take actions on four sets of initiatives which are in line with the Beijing Platform of Action. These include 1) increasing Bank lending for basic education health and credit programs that benefit women; 2) institutionalizing the participation of nongovernmental organizations and civil society in economic formulations; and 3) promoting the number of women in the management of the Bank. A number of programs integrating gender concerns into its work have been included in the World Banks efforts since 1995. Moreover the Bank will publish a Policy Report on gender and development which will examine the links between gender equality public policy and development.

Gendered Political Economy and Feminist Analysis

Abstract: This chapter will discuss some of the most important insights which have emerged to provide the embryo of a gendered political economy. It will then outline some of the questions which a gendered political economy must address in order to aid its development as a new area both of political economy and of feminist analysis. The majority of useful work to have emerged over the last twenty years and the last five years in particular comes from two interconnected sources: first, the new field of feminist economics and second, some of the gender and development literature. The first area, feminist economics, provides both a critique of the mainstream of economics and is part of moves to refashion that discipline. This challenge is expressed both in terms of the need for a gendered understanding of institutions and economic processes and through its critique of the assumptions underlying rational choice, the nature of the household and the public/private divide. In the second area recent work, inspired by the gender and development tradition and undertaken by both feminist economists and other social scientists, has examined the place of gender relations in the emerging global economy and changing international division of labour. This research has focused on the relevance of gender as an analytic category at both the macro and micro levels by looking at structural adjustment in the Third World and restructuring globally.

Gender in the 21st century

Abstract: * Editorial Caroline Sweetman * Moving the goalposts: Gender and globalisation in the 21st century Ruth Pearseon * Gender, globalisation, and democracy Sylvis Walby * Globalisation and gender training for the media: Challenges and lessons learned Patricia A. Made * Women's labour and economic globalisation: A participatory workshop created by Alternative Women in Development Carol Barton and Elmira Nazombe * 'We are forgotten on earth': International development targets, poverty, and gender in Ethiopia Fra von Massow * Rethinking gender and development practise for the 21st century Judy El-Bushra * 'Put your money where your mouth is!': The need for public investment in Women's organisations Siobhan Riordan * Culture as a barrier to rural women's entrepreneurship: Experience from Zimbabwe Colletah Chitsike * 'Queering ' development: Exploring the links between same-sex sexualities, gender, and development Susie Jolly * Challenging machiso: Promoting sexual and reproductive health with Nicaraguan men Peter Sternberg * Women's health and HIV: Experience from a sex workers' project in Calcutta Madhu Bala Nath * Resources * Publications * Organisations * Web resources * E-mail lists * Video

Which Men, Why Now? Reflections on Men and Development

Abstract: Summaries This article interrogates the impulses behind the current interest in men and masculinities within a gender and development framework. It argues that the Women and Development agenda, which was propelled onto the development co‐operation stage in the 1970s, was inspired by Second Wave feminism and the anti imperialist and civil rights movements of that era. However, the men and masculinities agenda does not have a parallel political origin or passion. Whilst feminists and gender analysis are committed to extending the gender agenda to men as well as women, and take a range of positions from male exclusion to male co‐option, there is a striking silence from main(male)‐stream development experts. Those men who are involved are largely from out‐side the development co‐operation field, but include many who are involved with challenging both politically and academically dominant theories and positionalities of men and masculinities in developing countries and in development institutions and international social science. But the involvement of men from Scandinavian mainstream development agencies also suggests that it is the position of men in particular societies and their relationship with the state and their labour markets, as much as the policy and political relevance of men and masculinities in development practice, which is the key to extending this agenda.

Looking from the South, Speaking from Home: African women confronting development

Abstract: Jessica Horn interrogates the discourse and practice of development in the post-independence, globalized world. She argues that development, defined in Euro-American forums, has been unresponsive to the varied needs of African women. She shows that it is African women themselves who are now confronting the Euro-centric presumptions of development, and are working to better the lives of women on the continent through place-based coalitions and culturally sensitive activism.