Showing papers on "Head (linguistics) published in 1986"

COMP, INFL, and Germanic Word Order

Abstract: The aim of this article is to describe and account for the major word order differences among the Germanic languages1 The main thesis of the article is that the different placements of the finite verb and related phenomena in these languages can be ascribed to a small set of grammatical differences, mainly involving different distributions of the properties assigned to COMP and INFL Specifically, I will argue that S is a headed category, and that the choice of head of S is a parameter, the value of which singles out English from the other Germanic languages

The syntax of English genitive constructions

Abstract: As is well known, English has two genitive or possessive constructions, the ‘proposed’ and the ‘postposed’, exemplified in (1).In each case we have an NP, with a head N (book, office, dog, house, plants) modified by a possessive expression (John's, a man's, mine, etc.). This expression is itself an NP in the genitive Case, and I shall refer to it as the ‘genitive phrase’. By contrast with other familiar languages more highly inflected than English, genitive Case is hot marked by an inflection on the head of a genitive phrase, but by the clitic ’s, which is attached right at the end of the phrase. The exception is where the genitive phrase is not a full NP but a personal pronoun, in which case we get an inflected form (irregular in pattern) as in these other languages: I - my/mine, he - his, etc. These possessive forms of pronouns have almost identical distribution to that of full NPs in the genitive (there are some differences which I shall point to below), and so it seems clear that they are genitives, despite the morphological difference; personal pronouns are highly irregular morphologically anyway, and not only in English. This is assumed in all recent work I know of, and I shall take it to be uncontroversial.

Head thrust in asl conditional marking

Abstract: A descriptive issue is addressed here. The form of the nonmanual marking of conditionals in ASL has been variously described, perhaps because of variability in the data, but more likely because it is difficult to pick out the recurrent nonmanual features that are ever present in ASL signing. This paper describes head thrust as a significant nonmanual signal, which occurs on the final sign in a conditional clause, in combination with a brow raise and a rotated head position (found in other constituent markings). This makes conditional marking in ASL unlike the other grammatical signals involving a brow raise, because it involves both a static configuration (brow raise and head rotation) throughout the clause and a dynamic movement of the head (head thrust) only during the production of the final sign of the clause.

Word order typology, lexical government, and the prediction of multiple, graded effects in l2 word order

Abstract: Lexical government refers to the relationship between a phrasal head and its complement. In this paper it is used to define a centre and periphery in word order typology. The direction of the government relation gives rise to two word order types. It is proposed that grammars in which the phrasal heads show a major split in their direction of government are more marked than those with a uniform direction. This framework serves to generate multiple, graded predictions about word order in non-primary acquisition and the predictions are tested on a broad range of available L2 word order data. The investigation indicates that while L2 learners do have access to the defining principle, they may not be as successful as L1 learners in acquiring peripheral word order attributes and word orders with a split in the direction of government.

Compressing method for source program

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enlarge the compressibility by encoding not only an operator, a reserved word and a numeric constant but also a variable and a character- string constant CONSTITUTION:An encoding processing means 2 obtains successively words and phrases from a source program 1 and classifies them, generates the corresponding word and phrase number, etc by referring to a reserved symbol table 3 having a correspondence table of the words and phrases, and the word and phrase number, and outputs them as an intermediate code 5 That is to say, when encoding processing means 2 inputs the source program, since the head numeral 100 of a line is a line number, the corresponding word and phrase number (=1) and the line number (=100) are outputted The next SUM is not any of a line number, an operator, a reserved word, a numeric constant, and a character-string constant, therefore, it is registered in a variable symbol table, and the word and phrase number (=10) and a registered position number (=1) are outputted The next operator is an operator, therefore, the corresponding word and phrase number (=7) is outputted, and thereafter, by the same operation, an intermediate code and a variable symbol table are generated and outputted

Head order reduction: A graph reduction scheme for the operational lambda calculus

Abstract: This paper introduces a new reduction order for the lambda calculus, called head order. It lends itself to a graph reduction implementation. The head normal form of a lambda expression corresponds closely to K. J. Greene's lazy normal form of his LNF-calculus, that is, the head order normal form will have the same variable (respectively, constant) as head and the same number of arguments as its normal form. In the context of future implementations, the head normal form is also called the head normal form skeleton (respectively, outline). This skeleton is produced first. Then the normal forms of the arguments are obtained and inserted into this skeleton concurrently, since they do not interact anymore. Head order reduction automatically exposes concurrent processes.

Word processing system

Abstract: PURPOSE:To decrease the improper modes of expression and to improve the sentence quality by detecting as necessary the words and phrases registered previously out of a text when a sentence is composed or corrected and replacing automatically those detected words and phrases with other proper ones if desired. CONSTITUTION:When a limited usage words/phrases detecting/changing function block 3 is started, a character string text stored in a character string text store part 4 is checked successively at and after its head to detect a character string part coincident with a limited usage word/phrase stored in a limited usage words/phrases and alternative words/phrases table 5 to replace it with an alternative word/phrase of the table 5. When a word processing function 2 other than the limited usage words/phrases detecting/changing function is started, the input, correction, editing, display and output are carried out for the character string text. Thus the retrieved words/phrases are automatically replaced with alternative words/phrases. At the same time, the words and phrases sorted based on the usage allowance levels are also selected automatically in response to each designation.

The syntax of the numeral "one" as a noun modifier in jewish palestinian aramaic of the amoraic period part ii

Abstract: With regard to the syntax of the numeral "one" as a noun modifier in JPA, the MidrashicTalmudic corpus can be distinguished from the Targumic corpus. Both with respect to the form of the preferred syntagms and with respect to the function of the numeral "one" within the preferred syntagms can this differentiation be discerned. While in the preferred syntagms within the Targumic corpus, the numeral "one" stands in postposition in relation to its nominal head, in the Midrashic-Talmudic corpus, it stands in anteposition. While in the preferred syntagmb within the Targumic corpus, the numeral "one" functions as a quantifier, in the preferred syntagm within the Midrashic-Talmudic corpus, it functions as an indefinite article. In our previous study, we treated the numeral "one" as a noun modifier in the Targumic corpus of JPA.1 As we observed, the Targumic corpus demonstrates a decided preference for the postpositional use of the numeral in relation to its nominal head (176 cases or 93.1%) as over against its antepositional use (13 cases or 6.9%). Our analysis produced three well-established results:

Voice program search edition system

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the convenience by reproducing sequentially only a definite information amount at the head of each message prior to the reproduction of the entire message to discriminate the urgency of the message. CONSTITUTION:Message M1-Mn transmitted from a telephone set 3 are stored in a message area 241. On the other hand, a head part storage extracting section 233 stores only head parts H1-Hn stored in the message area 241 by a sound processing section 23 also to a head part area 242. The user of a destination telephone set 4 listens at first to the head parts H1-Hn of a voice storage device 2 in the reception to discriminate the urgency of the message M1-Mn subjected to reproduction.

Structures of meaning in the novels of Bessie Head

Abstract: Recent discussions of Bessie Head's work have centred on A Question of Power and the general tendency has been to view this novel in terms of its reference to Head's experiences as a coloured South African and an exile in Botswana.' While Head's novels do reveal a deep concern with the social realities of Southern Africa, they also show a studied attempt to relate the local experiences of the characters depicted to mankind's social evolution. In linking these experimental and existential concerns, Head exploits the analogies between the conflict of forces within individuals and within a community and between the behaviour of human agencies and the operation of cosmic forces. Through the use of this analogical method she extends the reference of her novels and, at the same time, mirrors the thought-patterns of the society in which the novels are set. Moreover, she employs the conventions of traditional African narrative and praise poetry in which impressions of characters and events are frequently conveyed by indirect allusion rather than by explicit narration or description. This serial is available in Kunapipi: http://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol8/iss1/9 The Collector of Treasures (1977). A collection of short stories about w o m e n ' s experiences. Serowe Village of the Rain Wind (1981). A social history of the B a m a n g w a t o people. J O Y C E J O H N S O N Structures of Meaning in the Novels of Bessie Head Recent discussions of Bessie Head 's work have centred on A Question of Power and the general tendency has been to view this novel in terms of its reference to Head 's experiences as a coloured South African and an exile in Botswana.' While Head 's novels do reveal a deep concern with the social realities of Southern Africa, they also show a studied attempt to relate the local experiences of the characters depicted to mankind's social evolution. In linking these experimental and existential concerns, Head exploits the analogies between the conflict of forces within individuals and within a community and between the behaviour of human agencies and the operation of cosmic forces. Through the use of this analogical method she extends the reference of her novels and, at the same time, mirrors the thought-patterns of the society in which the novels are set. Moreover, she employs the conventions of traditional African narrative and praise poetry in which impressions of characters and events are frequently conveyed by indirect allusion rather than by explicit narration or description.^ The paradigm of the conflict between characters in Head 's novels is the behaviour of the natural elements in the semi-desert area of Botswana where, in the drought months, the sun is an adversary antagonistic to life and survival and the people often long for 'soft steady rain'^ without lightning or thunder. Bright cloudless skies hold no promise and dark lowering clouds foster hope which is often disappointed. The expectation of the land and the longing of the people are identical and the one may be spoken of in terms of the other. In Head 's novels, sun and rain and solar