Showing papers on "Internationalization published in 1977"

The Internationalization Process of the Firm - A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments

Abstract: On the basis of empirical research, a model of the internationalization process of the firm is developed. The model focuses on the gradual acquisition, integration and use of knowledge about foreign markets and operations, and on the incrementally increasing commitments to foreign markets. In particular, attention is concentrated on the increasing involvement in the individual foreign country.

West Germany: the dynamics of expansion

Abstract: During more than two decades, West German foreign economic policy has served a strategy of export-oriented growth. The success of this strategy is based on a number of factors, such as Germany's industrial structure, a favorable international environment, a pro-investment domestic economic policy and the constructive role of labor in postwar economic development. Decision making in foreign economic policy is characterized by the dominance of the export sector. The strategy of export expansion met withobstacles in two areas. In Eastern trade policy export interests clashed with the imperatives of “high politics” during the Cold War era. In monetary policy, the chronic undervaluation of the Deutsche Mark, a crucial factor of export competitiveness, collided with the goal of price stability. Both cases highlight the limits of export sector dominance. In recent years, the internationalization of German industry and the process of structural change have created problems that suggest that theGerman economy is reaching the limits of export-oriented growth. These pose new challenges to economic policy makers.

Recommended Courses in International Business for Graduate Business Students

Abstract: With the growing internationalization of business, there has been a concomitant growth in the internationalization of business education. Following action taken at its annual meeting in April 1974, the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) now requires an international perspective to be included in the "common body of knowledge" for all business schools accredited by AACSB, and many of these schools have been considering how best to implement this requirement. It is important to determine what courses and subject areas in international business should be offered to business students to best meet their needs and the needs of the organizations which hire them. In particular, it is important to find out what businessmen believe to be most useful, since it is they who employ most of our students. The purpose of this investigation, then, was to determine the opinions and recommendations of business executives on this question. More particularly, the study was made to try to shed some light on the AACSB requirement in generalized business curricula (the kind that most business students take) rather than those curricula which specialize in international business.' In addition, the study concentrated on graduate business programs, not undergraduate. A secondary objective of the study was to explore, in a preliminary way, certain practices regarding the hiring, training, and use of MBA graduates in international operations by these companies. Other, similar surveys recently have included one made in 1973 by James D. Goodnow which, however, sought the opinions of academicians rather than businessmen.2 (The author is indebted to Professor Goodnow's paper for the wording of several questions in the current study.) In 1971, G. H. Hines questioned both educators and business managers in the United States and New Zealand regarding the importance of 50 business courses.3 His work was concerned with business administration in general, however, and only about two of those courses could be considered to relate specifically to the international aspects of business. For the author's study, questionnaires were sent to 166 U.S. companies

The Internationalization of Capital and Capital Accumulation in Iran and Iraq

Abstract: Many Marxists argue that international capitalism &dquo;blocks&dquo; the development of Third World countries, i.e., that industrialization in the Third World is hampered by imperialist powers, by multinational corporations, and by local ruling classes allied with the imperialists (especially the &dquo;comprador bourgeoisie&dquo;).’ It is often asserted that this &dquo;blockage&dquo; is immutable. The structure of relationships through which this &dquo;blockage&dquo; is effected is, however, not clearly specified. Some authors stress open political intervention by imperialists to prevent any proindustrialization policies; others emphasize the inhibiting effect of competition from technologically advanced, highly productive industries in the imperialist countries. Until the &dquo;blockage&dquo; theory can be grounded in an understanding of the structure of the capitalist mode of production (and therefore of its dynamics), there is little reason to assume that imperialism will in general prevent industrialization in the Third World.

Import Quotas and Industrial Performance

Abstract: With the internationalization of markets and the progressive liberalization of world trade, the threat of foreign competition has revived the age old cry for protectionism: to protect the nation’s balance of payments; to protect domestic labour from import-induced unemployment; to protect domestic industry from the unfair competition of low-wage countries These arguments are especially appealing in times of recession, and political office seekers are not loath to embrace them, especially in election years