Showing papers on "Landscape planning published in 1990"

Using Landscape Ecology in Planning and Management

Abstract: Landscape ecology deals with assemblages of ecosystems occurring in a geographically defined region (a landscape), just as ecosystem ecology deals with assemblages of plant and animal species and nonliving environmental agents occurring at a given site.

Landscape archaeology, landscape history, and the American farmstead

Abstract: The term "rural archaeology" is suggested here as a means of organizing several related ap proaches in the study of human history. Just as urban archaeology contributes to the understanding of the development of urban areas, rural archaeol ogy makes possible the integration of understand ing about rural sites. Urban archaeologists might consider rural sites to be nonurban, but it is really the other way around, for farms preceded cities in antiquity, as well as in American history. Rural archaeology is defined here as the study of sites which can only occur within a rural context? exploitative and extractive sites like those associ ated with farming, timbering, and mining. The mere location in a rural setting does not mean that a site lies within the topic of rural archaeology, since ghost towns, forts, and other kinds of sites do not reflect a specifically rural phenomenon. While distinct from urban archaeology, rural archaeology shares some processes in common, like central places and transportation networks. A rural center or node can become an urban setting eventually, and so rural researchers must be familiar with ur banization as a process. Similarly, if archaeolo gists view frontiers in a dynamic sense, rather than as an edge phenomenon, then the rural area is the frontier for the city/urban landscape. The rural frontier ebbs and flows with soil exhaustion, clear cutting of forests, rise and fall of demand for prod ucts, access to national markets, and family life cycles. The rural landscape is the battleground be tween humans and nature where only temporary victories exist. People clear a forest, plant crops, exhaust the soil, die, the forest returns?only to be cut again in a few generations, and the process begins anew. As long as equilibrium is main tained, the landscape is rural, but if humans win a tactical victory in one area it becomes a town or city, and the ground so polluted as to make na ture's task impossible without considerable time. Rural archaeology is, in part, landscape archaeol ogy or landscape history.

Woods as Habitat Patches for Birds: Application in Landscape Planning in the Netherlands

Abstract: The western part of the Netherlands is one of the most densely populated areas of the world. A series of cities forms a ring of urban development surrounded by an open agricultural landscape (the Randstad, Figure 1). This urban-agricultural area separates a narrow coastal forest belt to the west from an agricultural landscape with intermingled woodlots and medium-sized forests on Pleistocene deposits to the east. This chapter explores how ecological prerequisites play key roles in the planning of new forest areas. Spatial relations between the existing and the planned forests will be particularly important in this analysis.

Landscape planning in The Netherlands: the role of competitions.

Abstract: Hoe ziet de geschiedenis van de landschapsplanning in Nederland eruit en welke bijdragen hebben prijsvragen aan haar ontwikkeling geleverd