Showing papers on "Larva published in 1982"
TL;DR: Climate plays a critical role in the life of terrestrial insects, and affects their geographical and ecological locations, the site and timing of their activities, the success of oviposition and hatching, and the duration of developmental stages.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Climate plays a critical role in the life of terrestrial insects. It affects their geographical and ecological locations, the site and timing of their activities, the success of oviposition and hatching, and the duration of developmental stages; thus, ultimately it is often a key factor in the selective processes acting on insects, to a far greater extent than for the much larger terrestrial vertebrates. The effects of the physical environment on insects must be mediated through the biochemistry and physiology of the individual—whether as egg, larva or adult—and this is generally expressed via changes in the microenvironment of the fluids in the tissues and cells of the insect upon which basic life processes depend. There is no single optimal solution to the problem of integrating microclimate and physiological functioning; the chosen regimes of humidity, temperature, radiation, and wind are determined both by the intrinsic properties of the species and by the biotic and physical characteristics of available niches and their use by competing species. It might be predicted, for instance, that insects would in general be darker-colored in colder areas, and paler in deserts or the tropics, or that mean sizes of insects would be correlated with climate.
214 citations
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: How did the extreme metamorphosis of the Anura evolve?
Abstract: Many major taxa have evolved complex life cycles with distinct larval and adult forms separated by a rapid transformation, or metamorphosis. Holometabolous insects and anurans are perhaps the best known examples. Much of the attention given the process of metamorphosis by developmental biologists is stimulated by the spectacular amount of morphologic change that occurs in these organisms [see Gilbert and Frieden (1981) for a recent review of metamorphosis from a developmental biology perspective]. In frogs this transformation seems canalized in that for species with a free-living larva, metamorphosis is obligatory; i.e., there are no known anurans that can breed as tadpoles. Wassersug (1975) and Wilbur (1980) have independently suggested that the anuran larva is specifically adapted for using temporary resources in fluctuating environments. Such habitats may be very rich in nutrients, but only briefly. Organisms such as tadpoles and many insect larvae that live in these habitats, may grow very rapidly, but their accelerated growth rate requires a massive commitment to the organ systems responsible for ingestion and digestion. This commitment is at the expense of the differentiation of many other organ systems, such as those associated with defense, locomotion, and, most importantly, reproduction. In order to migrate to new resources and to breed, an extensive transformation of body form is necessary. How did the extreme metamorphosis of the Anura evolve? Can we examine the evolutionary history of this ontogenetic process proper?
81 citations
TL;DR: Movement of all instars of Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville was affected by the sticky exudates of leaf trichomes of tobacco cultivars, and the younger the instar and the longer the larvae were on these leaves, the greater was the inhibition of movement.
Abstract: Movement of all instars of Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville was affected by the sticky exudates of leaf trichomes of tobacco cultivars. The younger the instar and the longer the larvae were on these leaves, the greater was the inhibition of movement. The alkaloid content of the plant had no effect on movement.
60 citations
TL;DR: Six species of Banksia (Proteaceae) were examined at two study sites near Perth for insect larvae that destroy flowers and seed, and all showed some damage to the conflorescence (flowering spike) while all except B, grandis and B. ilicifolia hadDamage to the infructescence (fruit).
Abstract: Six species of Banksia (Proteaceae) were examined at two study sites near Perth for insect larvae that destroy flowers and seed. All species, B. attenuata, B grandis, B. ilicifolia, B. littoralis, B. menziesii and B. telmatiaea, showed some damage to the conflorescence (flowering spike) while all except B, grandis and B. ilicifolia had damage to the infructescence (fruit). Six lepidopteran larvae and a curculionid larva damaged conflorescences, and five lepidopteran larvae and three curculionid larvae consumed seed. The insects were found only on Banksia and were mostly host-specific. The insects prevent about one-third of conflorescences from developing seed, but only one-third of the total conflorescences develop into infructescences. It is not known why the remaining one-third of conflorescences do not set seed. Insects destroy up to 60% of the follicles, which contain one or two seeds, on these infructescences. Examples of possible adaptations of the conflorescence and infructescence for avoiding this insect damage are suggested.
50 citations
TL;DR: The generally brief larval phase of this species may represent an adaptation to temporary aquatic habitats, with overwintering a facultative means for slow-growing larvae to attain a larger metamorphic size when conditions are favorable for continued larval existence.
Abstract: Larval periods and metamorphosis were studied in populations of Eurycea bislineata and E. longicauda guttolineata in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. The basic data were snout-vent lengths of larvae collected in serial samples taken over one-year periods. The larval period of E. bislineata was about one year in the two populations studied, although growth rate was higher and metamorphic size was much greater in a pond population than in a stream population. The one-year larval phase contrasts with a 2-3 year larval period of E. bislineata in the northern United States. The difference is considered an adaptive response to larvae of other species of salamanders, which act as competitors or predators, and are more prevalent in the southern Blue Ridge. In two populations of E. longicauda guttolineata the larval period was normally 4-5 months, though larvae sometimes overwintered and metamorphosed after a larval period of 12-16 months. The generally brief larval phase of this species may represent an adaptation to temporary aquatic habitats, with overwintering a facultative means for slow-growing larvae to attain a larger metamorphic size when conditions are favorable for continued larval existence.
40 citations
TL;DR: Yeast florae in the natural substrates of four desert and three non-desert Drosophila species were compared both qualitatively and quantatively to the yeast present in the guts of Drosophile larvae living in those substrates, finding selective feeding by larvae appears to be related to the degree of polyphagy.
Abstract: The yeast florae in the natural substrates of four desert and three non-desert Drosophila species were compared both qualitatively and quantatively to the yeast present in the guts of Drosophila larvae living in those substrates. The desert species breed in rotting cacti and the other Drosophila were found breeding in necrotic oranges. Larvae of one cactophilic species, D. mojavensis, and larvae of all of the species utilizing oranges (D. melanogaster, D. pseudoobscura, and D. arizonensis) were found to contain non-random samples of the yeasts available in their respective substrates. Larval preference behavior is most likely responsible for these differences. The other cactophilic Drosophila (D. nigrospiracula, D. mettleri, and D. pachea) did not exhibit significant differences when the yeast florae of their larvae and substrates were compared. Selective feeding by larvae appears to be related to the degree of polyphagy in that only larvae of polyphagous species are selective. Trade-off between generalism and specialism at two biological levels is discussed.
34 citations
TL;DR: Lymantria dispar larvae were reared on a wheat germ-based artificial diet from egg eclosion until pupation and usage efficiency of dietary nitrogen underwent an age-specific decrease, suggesting that need for nitrogen decreases as the larva matures.
33 citations
TL;DR: Observations show that extraretinal photoreception is involved in photoperiodic induction in the silkworm and that Vitamin A deficiency did not influence the diapause incidence.
29 citations
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: A developmental series based on 59 eggs and 1681ar vae and early juveniles of the white croaker, Genyonemus lineatus, collected near the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station in 1978 and 1979 was assembled.
Abstract: Eggs and larvae of the white croaker, Genyonemus lineatus, were collected near the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station in 1978 and 1979. A developmental series based on 59 eggs and 1681ar vae and early juveniles was assembled. Live G. lineatus eggs are pelagic, transparent, and spherical, averaging 0.85 mm in diameter with a single oil droplet of 0.23 mm. Preserved, newly hatched larvae average 1.57 mm SL and are not well developed. Larval development is a gradual process. Notochord flexion begins at ca. 5.4 mm SL and is complete by ca. 6.4 mm SL. Dorsal and anal fin anlagen appear at ca. 5 mm SL and the full complement of rays is present in each fin by ca. 8.2 mm SL. Pelvic differentiation begins at ca. 5.3 mm SL and is finished by ca. 8.6 mm SL. Pectoral rays begin to develop at ca. 7.8 mm SL and all are present by ca. 13 mm SL. Larval pigmentation is largely restricted to the dorsum at hatching, but migrates to the ventral midline during early development. Melanophores are restricted to the ventrum and gut through much of the subsequent larval period. A barred pattern develops during transition to the juvenile stage. Genyonemuslineatus larvae are distinguishable from similar cooccurring species by the presence of a nape melanophore and larger melanophores in the midventral trunk series at myomeres 9-lD and 16-18. The sciaenid genus, Genyonemus, is represented by a single species, G. lineatus (Ayres), the white croaker. It occurs along the west coast of North America from central Baja California to south ern British Columbia (Miller and Lea 1972), although its numbers are reduced north of San Francisco, Calif. (Frey 1971). In southern Cali fornia the white croaker is a common inshore species of modest sport and commercial value (Skogsberg 1939; Frey 1971). Its larvae rank sec ond in abundance only to those of the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, among the inshore ichthyoplankters off San Onofre, Calif. (Walker
27 citations
TL;DR: The incidence and duration of pupal diapause in Heliothis armiger in southeast Queensland were studied in 1976 and 1978 and a small proportion of those pupating before March formed non-diapause pupae, and the proportion increased until after late-April.
Abstract: The incidence and duration of pupal diapause in Heliothis armiger in southeast Queensland were studied in 1976. 1977 and 1978. Larvae pupating before March formed non-diapause pupae. A small proportion of those pupating in March formed diapause pupae, and the proportion increased until after late-April when 62.5–100%) (mean 82%) entered diapause. Adult emergence from diapause pupae occurred from August to December with definite peaks in mid-September to mid-October and mid-November to mid-December
17 citations
TL;DR: Behavior, metabolic and biochemical data indicate that the undetached peritrophic membrane of the mysis shrimp larva provides a substratum on which microbes, organic debris and planktonic organisms accumulate.
Abstract: The undetached peritrophic membrane of the mysis shrimp larva (Solenocera atlantidis) provides a substratum on which microbes, organic debris and planktonic organisms accumulate. Behavioral, metabolic and biochemical data indicate that this fecal mass serves as a concentrated food resource for the larva.
TL;DR: It is likely that the short‐day effect on metamorphosis is associated with photo‐periodically induced changes in larval corpora allata activity or juvenile hormone titre, and may enhance the moulting success of larvae which encounter food shortages during autumn.
Abstract: Photoperiod significantly affected size-related aspects of metamorphosis in the milkweed leaf beetle Labidomera clivicollis (Kirby) (Chrysomelidae) Larvae reared under short-day photoperiod successfully pupated at lower weights than larvae reared under long-day photoperiods This short-day effect was observed to an equivalent extent in both males and females; but within photoperiod treatments, males consistently pupated at lower weights than females It is likely that the short-day effect on metamorphosis is associated with photo-periodically induced changes in larval corpora allata activity or juvenile hormone titre Ecologically, the short-day effect on metamorphosis may enhance the moulting success of larvae which encounter food shortages during autumn
TL;DR: A mixture of water and the carrier of Dipel 4L® (3:1) was applied to selected insect predators and a parasite in a controlled laboratory environment and resulted in a statistically significant increase in mortality for Chrysopa carnea Stephens and Hippodamla convergens Guerin and Meneville adults 3 and 7 days after treatment.
Abstract: A mixture of water and the carrier of Dipel 4L® (3:1) was applied to selected insect predators and a parasite in a controlled laboratory environment. Corrected mortality from the 9.4:liter/ha application never exceeded 2.1% for any species. The 18.7-liter/ha rate resulted in a statistically significant increase in mortality for Chrysopa carnea Stephens and Hippodamla convergens Guerin and Meneville adults 3 and 7 days after treatment, but not for C. carnea larvae or Aphytis melinus De Bach adults. Corrected mortality for the higher application rate never exceeded 13.4% for any species.
TL;DR: Eggs and larvae of the first generation of Heliothis spp.
Abstract: Eggs and larvae of the first generation of Heliothis spp. were common in Texas on Castilleja indivisa Englemann (Texas paintbrush), a previously unreported host plant, and Lupinus texensis Hooker (Texas bluebonnet). Oviposition was highest at or near the time of peak flowering. Highest mean egg numbers on any sample date were 7.7 and 1.8 eggs per m2 on L. texensis in 1979 and 1980, respectively, whereas on C. indivisa the highest mean numbers on any sample date were 7.6 and 5.7 eggs per m2 in the same 2 years. Larval numbers averaged 11.2, 7.0, and 2.3 per 100 sweeps on L. texensis in 1978, 1979, and 1980, respectively, with a high of 30 on one sample date. Mean larval numbers in these 3 years on C. indivisa were 11.6, 4.8, and 5.2 per 100 sweeps, the maximum on any sample date being 21.7. Three species of Heliothis, H. phloxiphaga Grote and Robinson, H. virescens (Fabricius), and H. zea (Boddie), were found. Parasites reared from larvae were Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron), Exetastes sp. near obscurus Cresson, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), and Hexamermis sp.
TL;DR: SEM studies of the 3rd instar larva of E. connexa revealed ultrastructural characters of taxonomic significance and was clearly shown in comparisons made with other tephritid species.
Abstract: The eggs of Euphranta connexa (Fabricius) and Scambus brevicornis (Gravenhorst) are described for the first time. Although the 3rd instar larva of E. connexa has briefly been described from Czechoslovakia, Swedish specimens are shorter, have fewer tubules in the anterior respiratory organ and the interspiracular bristles of the posterior respiratory organ look different. SEM studies of the 3rd instar larva also revealed ultrastructural characters of taxonomic significance. This is clearly shown in comparisons made with other tephritid species.
TL;DR: Leucoptera psophocarpella sp.n.
Abstract: . Leucoptera psophocarpella sp.n., a minute lyonetiid moth (wing-span ±4 mm) whose larvae damage the leaves of winged-bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC.) (Leguminosae) in Papua New Guinea, is described from the adult, larva and pupa. This species is known locally as the ‘winged-bean blotch miner’ because of the characteristic damage caused by the larvae. Figures are given of the diagnostic external, venational and genitalic characters of the adult and chaetotactic and morphological characters of the larva and pupa.
TL;DR: The larva of Nimbocera pinderi Steiner and Hulbert, new species, is described and illustrated and Habitat and water quality data are given.
Abstract: The larva of Nimbocera pinderi Steiner and Hulbert, new species, is described and illustrated. Habitat and water quality data are given.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: Fenitrothion and methyl parathion were highly toxic materials followed by fenthion and malathion, while trichlorphon was the least toxic.
Abstract: Toxicity and persistence of fenitrothion, fenthion, malathion, methyl parathion, and trichlorphon applied at 0·05% (400 g/ha) were evaluated on peach fruits (Primus persica L.) against the neonate larvae ofDacus cucurhitae Coquillett in two seasons (1977–78). Fenitrothion and methyl parathion were highly toxic materials followed by fenthion and malathion, while trichlorphon was the least toxic. Fenitrothion was highly persistent (12 days) followed by methyl parathion (7 days). All the insecticide residues were within the acceptable limits at the time of harvest
01 Jan 1982