Showing papers on "Mass action law published in 2001"
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that the maximum free electron or hole concentration that can be achieved by doping is an intrinsic property of a given semiconductor and is fully determined by the location of the semiconductor band edges with respect to a common energy reference, the Fermi level stabilization energy.
Abstract: Doping limits in semiconductors are discussed in terms of the amphoteric defect model (ADM). It is shown that the maximum free electron or hole concentration that can be achieved by doping is an intrinsic property of a given semiconductor and is fully determined by the location of the semiconductor band edges with respect to a common energy reference, the Fermi level stabilization energy. The ADM provides a simple phenomenological rule that explains experimentally observed trends in free carrier saturation in a variety of semiconductor materials and their alloys. The predictions of a large enhancement of the maximum electron concentration in III–N–V alloys have been recently confirmed by experiment.
335 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the mass action law has its widespread applicability to metallurgical melts and organic solutions, and calculated mass action concentrations for the above-mentioned five solutions (over the whole composition range without any application of the activity coefficient) agree well with measured activities of corresponding solutions.
Abstract: With the mass action law as the dominant principle, general models of mass action concentrations have been formulated by using measured activities as practical basis and criterion, and using phase diagrams, the coexistence theory of metallic melts (atoms and molecules), the coexistence theory of slag melts (molecules and ions), the model of inseparable cations and anions of molten salts and mattes, and the all molecule model of some organic solutions as the scientific basis for determination of the structural units of each solution. Calculated mass action concentrations for the above-mentioned five solutions (over the whole composition range without any application of the activity coefficient) agree well with measured activities of corresponding solutions, this in turn shows that the mass action law has its widespread applicability to metallurgical melts and organic solutions.
21 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a general expression of experimentally accessible distribution ratio D in the molar concentration scale is developed by correlating experimental data using least square method, and the calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Abstract: Extraction of carboxylic acids from dilute solutions based on reversible chemical complexation is a highly effective and selective separation technique. Studies have been made for the extraction of formic, acetic, chloroacetic, dichloroacetic, and trichloroacetic acids by TRPO, a trialkyl phosphine oxide, dissolved in kerosene. The effects of complexing agent concentration and solutes to be extracted on distribution ratio D were discussed. According to mass action law, a general expression of experimentally accessible distribution ratio D in the molar concentration scale is developed. Extraction equilibrium constant K11 is then obtained by correlating experimental data using least square method. The calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The results show that the lower the pKa of carboxylic acid is, the higher the extraction equilibrium constant K11will be. By Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis, it is found that the extraction process is mainly governed by hydrogen-bonding solvation.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a generalization of the mass action law to the case of two-temperature reacting gases is performed, and concrete calculations are performed for the dissociation of diatomic molecules and ionization of atoms under conditions when the translational temperature of heavy particles differs from the vibrational temperatures of molecules and from the temperature of electrons.
Abstract: Within the framework of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics, a generalization of the mass action law to the case of two-temperature reacting gases is performed. Concrete calculations are performed for the dissociation of diatomic molecules and ionization of atoms under conditions when the translational temperature of heavy particles differs from the vibrational temperature of molecules and from the temperature of electrons.
1 citations