Showing papers on "Overjustification effect published in 1989"
TL;DR: The conclusion that the effect is transient and not likely to occur at all if extrinsic rewards are reinforcing, noncompetitive, based on reasonable performance standards, and delivered repetitively is discussed.
Abstract: Extrinsic consequences have been criticized on the grounds that they decrease intrinsic motivation or internally initiated behavior. Two popular rationales for this criticism, Lepper's overjustification hypothesis (1981) and Deci's motivational theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985), are reviewed and the criticism is then redefined behaviorally. "Intrinsically controlled" behavior is defined as behavior maintained by response-produced reinforcers, and the question concerning extrinsic consequences is thus restated as follows: When behavior is maintained by response-produced stimuli, does extrinsic reinforcement decrease the reinforcing value of those stimuli? The empirical support for this detrimental effect is summarized briefly, and several possible explanations for the phenomenon are offered. Research results that reflect on the effect's generality and social significance are discussed next, with the conclusion that the effect is transient and not likely to occur at all if extrinsic rewards are reinforcing, noncompetitive, based on reasonable performance standards, and delivered repetitively.
129 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two studies were conducted to examine the effect of intrinsic motivation training on children's subsequent motivational orientation and creativity in an expected reward situation, and the primary hypothesis of the present research was that the usual overjustification effect would be counteracted by directed discussion sessions focused on intrinsic reasons for working in school and explicitly dealing with ways to cognitively distance oneself from the reward contingency.
114 citations
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that mild negative feedback can increase intrinsic motivation when associated with environmental cues signalling self-determination, and that subjects working on brain-teasers who were given mild negative negative feedback, but who had a choice of problems to solve, no expectation of evaluation, and who received scores privately, retained as much or more intrinsic motivation than subjects given positive feedback under the same conditions.
Abstract: Although previous research has suggested that, in general, negative feedback concerning performance reduces intrinsically motivated activity, results of the present study indicate that mild negative feedback can increase intrinsic motivation when associated with environmental cues signalling self-determination (Deci & Ryan, 1985). Subjects working on brain-teasers who were given mild negative feedback—but who had a choice of problems to solve, no expectation of evaluation, and who received scores privately—retained as much or more intrinsic motivation than subjects given positive feedback under the same conditions. Subjects in controlling contexts showed less intrinsic motivation. The measure of intrinsic motivation used in this study was a sum of standardized mood and target activity, following recent criticisms of the use of strictly behavioral measures to operationalize intrinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 1986).
51 citations
TL;DR: This paper used concurrent schedules to assess the effects of extrinsic rewards; a procedure that enables an assessment of the degree to which extrinsical rewards usurp control of intrinsic rewards during reward administration.
Abstract: Althou h extrinsic monetary rewards have been 'shown to increase wor k performance, they have been criticized on the grounds that they may also decrease an employee's intrinsic motivation, leading to decreased quality, creativity, and a loss of selfdetermination. Stated more behav~orally, extrinsic rewards may usurp the control of intrinsic rewards and permanently decrease their reinforcing value. This study, a replication of Mawhinney, Dickinson and Taylor (1989), used concurrent schedules to assess the effects of extrinsic rewards; a procedure that enables an assessment of the degree to which extrinsic rewards usurp control of intrinsic rewards during reward administration. Unlike the results of Mawhinney et at., extrinsic monetary rewards usurped control of the intrinsic rewards for six of eight experimental subjects. Similar to Mawhinney et al., the extrinsic rewards did not weaken the reinforcing value of the intrinsic rewards as indicated by subject performance following extrinsic reward termination...
41 citations