Showing papers on "Perceptual psychology published in 2000"

Perceptual user interfaces: perceptual intelligence

Abstract: changing from static, inanimate objects into adaptive, reactive systems that can be more friendly, useful, and efficient. Or, of course, these new systems could be even more difficult to use than current systems; it depends how we design the interface between the world of humans and the world of this new generation of machines. To change inanimate objects like offices, houses, cars, or glasses into smart, active helpmates they need what I call “perceptual intelligence.” Translated, perceptual intelligence is paying attention to people and the surrounding situation in the same way another person would, thus allowing these new devices to learn to adapt their behavior to suit us, rather than adapting to them as we do today. This approach is grounded in the theory that most appropriate, adaptive biological behavior results from perceptual apparatus classifying the situation correctly, which then triggers fairly simple, situation-specific learned responses. It is an ethological view of behavior, and stands in strong contrast to cognitive theories that hold that adaptive behavior is primarily the result of complex reasoning mechanisms. From this theoretical perspective the problem with current computers is they are incredibly isolated. If you imagine yourself living in a closed, dark, soundproof box with only a telegraph connection to the outside world, you can get some sense of how difficult it is for computers to act intelligently or be helpful. They exist in a world almost completely disconnected from ours, so how can they know what they should do in order to be helpful? In the language of cognitive science, perceptual intelligence is the ability to deal with the frame problem: It is the ability to classify the P U I Alex Pentland PERCEPTUAL INTELLIGENCE

The need for a "psychoanalytic psychology" in the cognitive science field.

Abstract: Cognitive science has incorporated seminal concepts of psychoanalysis without acknowledging this influence. This article covers psychoanalytic ideas already incorporatedimplicitly or explicitly-in modern cognitive psychology, as well as ideas whose inclusion would benefit the cognitive field. These include the emphasis on mental models, mind-body interaction, unconscious processes, dual processes of thought, and naturalistic research milieus. The article discusses reasons why the psychoanalytic roots of these ideas have not been acknowledged and shows how the theories of multiple coding and the referential process provide a basis for bridging the psychoanalytic and cognitive science fields. Finally, it is argued that scientific psychology requires a subfield of psychoanalyti c psychology that covers the integration of information-p rocessing functions, including somatic and emotional processes, in the context of an individual’s overall goals.

Visual perception : essential readings

Abstract: Visual Perception: An Overview. Part I: Theoretical Perspectives. H. von Helmholtz, Concerning the Perceptions in General. W. Tanner and J. Swets, A Decision-Making Theory of Visual Detection. H. Barlow, Single Units and Sensation: A Neuron Doctrine for Perceptual Psychology? J. Gibson, The Theory of Information Pickup and its Consequences. D. Marr, The Philosophy and the Approach. Part II: Early Vision. L. Hurvich and D. Jamison, An Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision. D. Hubel and T. Weisel, Receptive Fields and Functional Architecture of Monkey Striate Cortex. C. Blakemore and F. Campbell, On the Existence of Neurons in the Human Visual System Selectively Sensitive to the Orientation and Size of Retinal Images. S. Zeki, J. Watson, C. Lueck, K. Friston, C. Kennard, R. Frackowiak, A Direct Demonstration of Functional Specialization in Human Visual Cortex. W. Newsome, K. Britten, and J. Movshon, Neuronal Correlates of a Perceptual Decision. Part III: Perceptual Organization and Constancy. M. Wertheimer, Laws of Organization in Perceptual Forms. E. Rubin, Figure and Ground. L. Kaufman and I. Rock, The Moon Illusion. H. Wallach, Brightness Constancy and the Nature of Achromatic Colors. I. Rock, R. Nijhawan, S. Palmer, and L. Tudor, Grouping Based on Phenomenal Similarity of Achromatic Color. Part IV: Object and Spatial Vision. H. Lissauer, A Case of Visual Agnosia with a Contribution to Theory. M. Mishkin, L. Ungerleider, and K. Macko, Object Vision and Spatial Vision: Two Cortical Pathways. E. Adelson and J. Movshon, Phenomenal Coherence of Moving Visual Patterns. R. Shepard and J. Metzler, Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects. I. Biederman, Recognition-by-Components: A Theory of Human Image Understanding. Part V: Visual Attention and Awareness. A. Treisman and G. Gelade, A Feature-Integration Theory of Attention. K. O'Craven, B. Rosen, K. Kwong, A. Treisman, and R. Savoy, Voluntary Attention Modulates fMRI Activity in Human MT-MST. L. Weiskrantz, E. Warrington, M. Sanders, and J. Marshall, Visual Capacity in the Hemianopic Field Following a Restricted Occipital Ablation. D. Scheinberg and N. Logothetis, The Role of Temporal Cortical Areas in Perceptual Organization. Appendix: Reading Journal Articles in Cognition Psychology. Author Index. Subject Index. 6 Color Plates.

Perceptual user interfaces: affective perception

Abstract: Imagine you have just logged in to your new computer, and it is displaying some of its fancy features. It then begins asking you a series of questions. You are in a hurry to get to your email, but it pops up with yet another start-up window to set some option that is not necessary to configure now. You exhale, frown, mutter something under your breath, and proceed to type with a little more speed and intensity.

In space, the past can be recast but not the present.

Abstract: We address the relationship between perception and spatial, working memory. Specifically, we argue that perceptual experience following the creation of a representation of target location affects it in a systematic way. We designed a motor task in which observers had to point to the initial or final position of a horizontally drifting target embedded in a vertically drifting background. The target was perceived as having an illusory motion component in a direction opposite that of the inducer dots [Duncker, 1938, Source Book of Gestalt Psychology (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co)]. For both positions, there was an identical time delay before the observer could respond. Nonetheless, estimates of the initial target position were significantly biased by the illusion in a direction opposite the perceived target motion, and both bias and variability were significantly greater than those of the target's final position. In prior studies on positional accuracy with induced displacement, a delay before a pointing response led to an unbiased position estimate obtained without delay to become biased, leading investigators to argue for a long-lasting, inaccurate cognitive system that overrules an accurate, nonetheless transient, motor one (Bridgeman et al, 1997, Perceptual Psychology 59 456-469). Since the same motor task with identical delay on either position yielded different outcomes, a hypothesis based on distinct motor and cognitive representations of visual space is untenable here. Instead, we argue that an online representation of the target's original position is updated in an ongoing fashion in order to reconcile the perceived illusion with the veridically perceived present (current target location).

Generative Theories in Cognitive Psychology

Abstract: Modern cognitive psychology has strictly adhered to the experimental methodology of the natural sciences. Often, contributions in Theory & Psychology have addressed shortcomings and possible remedi...

Reasoning Algebraically with IT: A Cognitive Perspective

Abstract: The focus of this paper is on the implications of key findings and theoretical positions from social psychology and cognitive developmental psychology (Piagetian/neo-Piagetian) for the use of IT tools to support learning in algebra. Particular reference is made to the research of the UK Cognitive Acceleration through Mathematics Education (CAME) project. The feasibility of the CAME model in the exploration of mathematical relationships supported by graphics calculators was addressed in a small-scale study in Hong Kong. The research provides evidence that, with appropriate mediation, cognitive conflict can be utilised to provide valuable appropriate for students to engage in increasingly higher levels of mathematical thinking.

Toward Ecological Validity of Research on Cognition

Abstract: Psychology is one of the main disciplines that have been implied in the development of cognitive ergonomics. For a long time, at least from the sixties, some researchers in psychology have contributed to cognitive ergonomics with the aim of elaborating basic psychological knowledge, (a) with high ecological validity, and (b) with clear relevance to application. This paper stresses the value of this perspective for psychology as well as cognitive ergonomics, and evaluates the results of such an enterprise.

Cognitive psychology and its successful spin-offs

Abstract: (2000). Cognitive psychology and its successful spin-offs. International Journal of Psychology: Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 298-299.