Showing papers on "Real image published in 1982"

New method for focusing x rays and gamma rays

Abstract: A new method for focusing x rays and gamma rays is described that can focus monochromatic radiation from a point source or parallel beam down to a line image If two focusing elements are used or if a single element bent in two directions is used, the radiation can be focused to a point image Conversely, radiation from a point source can be converted into a parallel beam The method makes use of bent diffraction crystals in which the intercrystalline‐plane spacing is varied as a function of position in the crystal The Bragg angle for diffraction of monochromatic radiation will now vary as a function of position in the crystal, and this new degree of freedom can be used to obtain focusing of the diffracted beam A number of ways to achieve this variation in crystal‐plane spacing is discussed, including the use of thermal gradients and the variation of the elemental composition of the crystal The applications of this new focusing system to a gamma‐ray telescope and to the production of a real image of a strong x‐ray source are considered

Performance Evaluations of Correlations of Digital Images Using Different Separability Measures

Abstract: A comparison of four separability measures which are useful in the registration of two-dimensional images is presented. Bayes probability of error, Chernoff bound, Bhattacharyya bound, and Fisher's criteria are used in the selection of the appropriate reference images from a set of aerial pictures, each exhibiting a different view of a scene, i.e., down-looking and target-looking. The experiment is repeated for corresponding synthetic images of this scene. Both area and edge correlations are used. A comparison of the measures and the resulting probabilities of error is made. The results show that for real images the target-looking view performs better than the down-looking view for both area and edge correlations. For synthetic images, the down-looking view performs better than the target-looking view for both area and edge correlations. The variation in synthetic images between the target-looking and the down-looking views is larger than in the real images for both area and edge correlations.

Optical Properties of Williams Domain

Abstract: There are three focal positions in Williams domain for microscopic observation by normal incident beam. The two focal positions above Williams domain correspond to the real images, and the one below to the imaginary image. The spacing between two neighboring real image lines is uniform but that between two neighboring imaginary image lines becomes alternately larger and smaller. The cause of these phenomena is made clear by considering the refraction of rays in Williams domain.

Configuration detecting method and system

Abstract: Method and system of detecting a configuration of a three-dimensional object, in which use is made of a spot beam to be directed to the object. The spot beam is caused to scan the object in a horizontal direction and the resulting spot image is detected through observation in a direction transverse to the horizontal direction. The system includes a laser light source, two Fourier transformation lenses having their Fourier transformation planes intersecting each other on the optical axes of the lenses on a light deflector, a photoelectric converter provided on the object plane of one of the lenses, the laser light source being disposed on the same meridian as the converter, and at least one reflecting mirror provided for forming a real image of the spot of the beam on the object.

Rangefinder device with focused elongated light source

Abstract: An improved automatic rangefinder device of the type having means for projecting a beam of light to illuminate a spot on a distant object, and an image sensor for viewing the object and determining the distance thereto by the observed position of the illuminated spot is disclosed. The rangefinder includes improved means for forming the beam of light comprising an elongated light source and projection optics for forming a real image of the light source, thereby defining an elongated beam region in space corresponding to the image of the light source, extending generally away from the rangefinder, whereby an object located in said beam region will be illuminated by a spot of light having an in-focus component. The image sensor detects the position of the in-focus component of the light. The rangefinder device includes imaging optics for imaging the spot on the image sensor. The imaging optics and the image sensor are arranged so that a real image of the image sensor formed by the imaging optics substantially coincides with the real image of the light source in the beam region of space.

Instantaneous three-dimensional camera

Abstract: A camera for taking true three-dimensional photographs in which the camera includes a housing having a lenticulated screen for focusing the image of an object on a plurality of locations on a photographic film. The screen and film are mounted in fixed positions at one end of the housing and light rays from an object to be photographed enter an opening in the housing near the opposite end thereof. A beamsplitter divides the incoming light rays and directs a portion of the light rays onto a mirror which causes the light rays to converge and to be reflected back onto the beamsplitter and then toward and through the lenticulated screen to the film. In one embodiment, the mirror is a concave mirror; in a second embodiment, the mirror is a convex mirror. The only moving part of the camera is the shutter, preferably a curtain shutter.

Composite source coding techniques for image bandwidth compression

Abstract: In this work the concept of composite source coding is addressed with particular reference to image signals and specific properties characterising the component sources are determined. The physical problem of source decomposition is formulated under a general formula in such a way that dynamic programming is used as a key algorithm to achieve efficiently the signal partitioning. The resulting solution is optimum in the sense that the rate required to transmit the component signals is minimum for pre-specified values of the average distortion in the reconstruction of the original signal. Models for each component are derived and their theoretical performance is compared with the results obtained by testing the method on real image data.

Single-lens reflex type viewfinder

Abstract: PURPOSE:To eliminate the parallax caused by an angular error of a mirror for a sibgle-lens reflax viewfinder (VTR) that forms an image of an objective lens on an image forming surface of a viewfinder using a relay lens, by setting the mirror on the image forming surface of the objective lens. CONSTITUTION:The light flux which is made incident to an objective lens 2 is divided into a light flux reaching an image pickup device 23 and a light flux reaching the viewfinder by a half mirror 3A. For such single-lens reflex type viewfinder, the position of a real image 6 is shifted in the direction vertical to an optical axis if the angle of a mirror 5 is kept at an exact 45 deg. to the optical axis. Accordingly, the image formed on a finder surface 11 by a relay lens is also shifted to cause a parallax. In this connection, the mirror 5 is set at an image forming point P1 caused by the lens 2. As a result, the position of the image 6 has no shift although the angle of inclination has an error or 45 deg.-alpha deg..

Compact optical imaging apparatus

Abstract: Compact optical imaging apparatus for projecting in focus an upright and wrong-reading light image of an information bearing document in an object plane onto a parallel image plane. The apparatus comprises a plurality of lenses located between the object plane and the image plane for projecting a plurality of overlapping segments of a light image along an optical path. A light image of an information bearing document in the object plane is directed to the lenses. A plurality of roof mirrors (i) receive such image segments from the lenses, (ii) reverse and invert such image segments, and (iii) reflect the image segments back through the lenses along the path toward the image plane. The image segments are then directed from the lenses to the image plane to form an upright and wrong-reading image of the information bearing document in the image plane.

Monitoring device for welding

Abstract: PURPOSE:To reproduce an image of an object having large brightness ratio in good picture quality by installing a filter provided with shade inversely proportional to brightness of each part of object image near the image forming point on input light path of a television camera. CONSTITUTION:When a filter 27 is inserted in input light path of a television camera at the time of welding, a real image of an object 1 is formed at the position of scale mark 22 by an optical image fiber 17, an objective lens 19 and a condenser lens 20. The light emitted from the object image is subjected to selective filtration when passing through filters 23, that is, the light from low brightness part is less absorbed and light from high brightness part is much absorbed. After passing through an infrared filter 24 and polarizing filters 25, 26, an image is formed again on a photosensitive plane 8 of the camera by a camera lens 21. Accordingly, the brightness ratio of the input picture is compressed to below allowable brightness ratio of an image pickup tube, and a picture of good quality that can be distiguished even to peripheral part can be produced on a monitor screen 37.

Color copying apparatus

Abstract: PURPOSE:To miniaturize the apparatus entitled above and reduce the copying time considerably by attaching 3 pair of erect real image optical system consisting of 3 lens units and 3 pair of sensitive elements and forming a color-decomposed tonor image in every sensitive element. CONSTITUTION:Lens units L1, L2 and L3 in which plural lenses are arranged over the whole width of an original are arranged on the same optical axis and the 1st erect real image optical system is installed to form an image Z1 through blue light by the optical system and a dichroic filter mirror DM1 penetrating blue light. By the optical systems with the same constitution, images Z2 and Z3 through green and red lights are formed. When sensitive elements 5b-5r are shifted synchronously with the scanning of the original, a color-decomposed latent image is formed in every sensitive element and the image is developed and fixed timingly on a transfer paper S by the standard method. Thus, the apparatus can be miniaturized because lenses with short focusing are used and the copying time is sharply reduced because a color picture is obtained only by one passing of a transfer paper.

Measuring method for thickness of glass in floating bath

Abstract: PURPOSE:To make the measurement in a floating bath possible and to improve productivity in the measurement of the thickness of the glass in the bath by detecting the spacing between the real image of marked object above the surface of molten glass and the reflected image optically CONSTITUTION:Molten glass 1 floats on molten metal 2, and the surface 3 thereof is perfectly flat and has sufficiently accurate reflection characteristics When the operator observes the inside of a floating bath through a peep window 5, a marked object 4 reflects on the surface 3 and he can observe the condition wherein both of the real image and the reflected image assumes symmetry with the glass surface as a boundary line Therefore, this is observed with an industrial Tv camera 6, and the spacing l between the real image and the reflected image is detected If the spacing l0 at glass thickness d0 is set beforehand, it is possible to determine the glass thickness (d) from the thickness d=d0+1/2 (l0-l)

Mirror lens for erecting real image

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a mirror lens having no curvature of the image surface, by constituting a lens, which is used in the exposing optical system of a copying machine or the like, by a refracting system having a positive power and a reflecting system which has a curvature approximately equal to the curvature of the image surface of this refracting system and has a positive power and is so arranged that the curvature center coincides with the rear side principal point of the refracting system. CONSTITUTION:An object 11 and a refracting system 12 are arranged orthogonally, and a half mirror 16 is arranged at 45 deg. for the optical axis in the optical path between them. The light from the object 11 is reflected by the half mirror while having the quantity of light reduced to the half and is focused as an inverted real image 14 on a concave mirror 13 by refracting system but is reflected by the concave mirror 13 and passes through the refracting system 12 again and permeates the half mirror 16 while having the quantity of light reduced to the half and is focused as an erecting real image 15 in a position equivalent to the object 11. Thus, the image 15 is focused in a position different from the object 11.

Erecting real image type mirror lens

Abstract: PURPOSE:To make a titled lens adaptable as an erecting real image type mirror lens helpful for miniaturization of copying machines by using a mirror lens of which the front face is a spherical face and the rear face is a specific elliptical reflection face aligned of one focus to the spherical center of said spherical face. CONSTITUTION:A mirror lens 11 consists of a medium of refractive index (n), and its front face which is an incident and exit face for rays is a spherical face of a radius (r) of curvature having a spherical center O. The rear face 13 which is a reflection surface for rays is a part of an ellipsoidal surface 15 of revolution having a focus F' on the spherical center O of the spherical face 12, and having its axis at an optical axis A. This face 15 is so constituted as to substantially satisfy the condition equation I. The luminous flux from the top of an object surface 16 enters the spherical center O from the incident face 12 and forms an inverted real image point on the face 13, where it is reflected and heads for the other focus F and falls onto the exit face 12, where it is reflected and forms an erecting real image point on the original object face 16. This results in that the imaging system of which the curvature of field with respect to the luminous flux near the main rays is substantially zero is obtained.

Real image measuring device for inside of blast furnace

Abstract: PURPOSE:To detect the states in a blast furnace under operation through video analysis and to make the operation control of high accuracy possible by installing a real image transmission mechanism having an objective lens system in the furnace. CONSTITUTION:A heat resistant lance 2 having an image transmission mechanism 3 is inserted into a blast furnace 1, and the in-furnace real image information obtained by the objective lens system provided at the leading end thereof is transmitted to a photoelectric transducer 4. The information converted here is recorded as a real image by a video recorder 5 and the conditions of the real image are displayed simultaneously in a monitor display device 6. The recorded real image is subjected to analysis of high accuracy and quantitative treatment with a video analyzer 7, the results thereof are displayed in an analysis result display device 8, and are outputted as a control signal according to need. It is essential to install the lance 2 horizontally in such a way that its leading end is located at the centerline of the furnace 1, and if necessary, plural pieces thereof may be installed or the lance may be installed near the furnace wall.

System for projection to projection screen and projection screen

Abstract: PURPOSE:To observe a projected real image without perceiving the existence of a projection screen, by projecting the image while giving oscillation, rotation, and shake to a stretched transmission or reflection projection screen in single or plural directions parallel to the face of the projection screen. CONSTITUTION:The latent period of a very short time when brightness is not felt exists during the period from a time t0, when the light strikes the eye, to a time t1, and the feeling of brightness is increased quickly between times t1 and t2 after this latent period, and the feeling is held between times t2 and t3 while being reduced gradually. This principle is used effectively for the projection screen; and for example, the projection screen which consists of a lenticular sheet and has a joint in the center is stretched by a frame, and an image is projected while giving oscillation to this frame by a multivibration circuit. Thus, the image is observed without perceiving the joint in the center and the texture of the projection screen.

Temperature measuring instrument for welded portion

Abstract: PURPOSE:To accurately measure the distribution of temperature of the welded part by measuring simultaneously the temperature at plural points of welded points, by gathering the light of welded part to make it monochromatic color through many pin holes. CONSTITUTION:Light from the welded part is passed through the objective lens 10 and after controlling a part in a stop 11, the light of a special wave length is allowed to pass through by an interference filter 12. Then, an image is formed on an image mirror 13. Light which focused image on the image mirror 13 enters each pin hole 14 passing through a light fiber 15. Then, the light is injected to each silicon ptotocell 19. In each silicon photocell 19, photocurrent is generated in proportion to the injected light quantity and this current is converted into the voltage by current/voltage conversion amplifier 20 and is obtained as temperature of brightness of each measuring point. While, a real image on the image mirror 13 is photographed by TV camera 17, then the image is injected on a monitor TV21.

Distance measurement device - enables alignment against varying background using electron beam image converter tube in sighting device

Abstract: A distance meter esp. a laser distance measurement device, has an arrangement containing a lens rigidly connected to a measurement head that enables the head to align with the object whose distance is to be measured. The object can be accurately sighted automatically against a varying background even when it is moving. The arrangement thus permits reliable surface measurements to be achieved. The sighting device (11) has an image converter (16) with a light sensitive element (17) in the image plane (21) of the objective (15). The image formed in the image plane is displayed on a screen (18). The image converter contains at least one electron beam converter tube in the form of an image converter or image magnifying tube rigidly attached to the measurement head and placed behind the objective with its photo cathodes (37) in the image plane.

Image-transferring device for a copier

Abstract: The image-transferring device for a copier of the slit illumination type for imaging the original in strips onto an image-carrying part consists of a multiplicity of rows, arranged transversely to the scanning direction, of erector (erecting) lens system which in each case have a first lens system for temporarily generating an inverted real image and a second lens system for transferring the inverted real image, in order in this way finally to generate an erect (upright) real image of the original on the image-carrying part. The images of the individual erector lens systems are partially mutually superimposed on the image-carrying part, and the image-transferring device satisfies the following relationships: 0.45 < beta M < 0.7 and 0.005 < I/D < 0.35. In this case, beta M denotes the amplification of the inverted real image generated by the first and second lens elements; D denotes the maximum effective aperture of the lens system; and I denotes the transverse spacing between the edges of the maximum effective aperture of adjacent erector lens systems.