Showing papers on "Remuneration published in 1970"

Ownership and control among large member banks

Abstract: A. A. BERLE AND G. C. MEANS [2] observed in 1932 that the separation of ownership and control had become a common feature of large nonfinancial corporations. Classifying the 200 largest U.S. nonfinancial corporations as to whether they were controlled by owners or by management, they concluded that 44 per cent of the firms and 58 per cent of the assets held by the firms were management controlled. R. J. Larner [6], writing three decades later, concluded that by the early 1960s 85 per cent of the 200 largest nonfinancial firms and 85 per cent of the assets held by the firms were management controlled. Management control was a common form of control among large nonfinancial corporations by 1932 and had become the dominant form of control by the early 1960s. This paper presents data which describe the extent to which ownership and control have been separated among the 200 largest member commercial banks of the Federal Reserve System during recent years. The conclusion is similar to that achieved by Larner in his study of nonfinancial corporations. Management control has been the dominant form of control among the large banks. It has been especially dominant among the very large banks and among banks located in the northeastern and far western regions of the United States. The separation of ownership and control has attracted much attention in the literature, primarily because it may influence the performance goals to which firms address themselves. R. J. Monsen and A. Downs [8], W. J. Baumol [1], R. A. Gordon [4], 0. E. Williamson [13], and others have suggested that profit maximization may be pursued less vigorously where firms are management controlled rather than owner controlled because it may be less consistent with the interests of managers than the interests of owners. Similarly, there may be a difference in attitudes of firms with the two control types towards growth rate, risk acceptance, efficiency, management remuneration, research expenditure and other performance goals. Empirical papers investigating these matters as they apply to nonfinancial corporations have begun to appear.'

Economic Aid as a Unilateral Transfer of Resources

Abstract: In its simplest form one can define the concept of aid as some gift, service, or action which is performed without the expectation of remuneration or reward. If one accepts this simple and straightforward definition, then economic aid can be defined as the unilateral transfer of resources from one economic entity (the donor) to another (the recipient). The amount of resources which it makes available to the recipient is additional to those which the recipient would otherwise have been able to obtain through the normal channels of international trade, or to finance from its own reserves of foreign exchange. Put another way, economic aid is simply "help for others." As such, it is free in the sense that it does not (or should not) require any corresponding quid pro quo on the part of the recipient. The idea of providing "help for others" is of course not new. It is perhaps as old as the dawn of history itself. However, one does not have to go so far back to show that historically there has always been a strong moral and philosophical justification for acting compassionately toward the poor and less fortunate. During the nineteenth century the churches and other nongovernmental philanthropic organizations considered it their moral and humanitarian responsibility to act charitably toward their poorer colonial brethren. This obligation was not only justified but indeed required of them by the fundamental principles of Christian ethics and the teachings of the Bible. As Christians, it was their moral duty and responsibility to promote the economic, social, cultural, and spiritual life of their colonial and less fortunate brethren. They gave aid because it was right. What is more, they saw it as a continuing moral and humanitarian commitment. The imperial governments did not, however, share this abiding concern for the development and welfare of their colonial peoples. Officially, the provision of financial and economic assistance was regarded as something which could only be justified by extraordinary and compelling circumstances, for example, relieving human suffering caused by such natural

The Impact of the Remuneration Act, 1979 - 1982

Abstract: This article outlines the history of the Remuneration Act and Regulations, 1979-80, and explores their immediate economic, industrial relations, political and constitutional implications. It is argued that the Government introduced the Act to facilitate its manipulation of the economic, political and industrial relations systems. Instead, because of their nature and the way they were applied, the Act and Regulations challenged many of the principles on which these systems are based. This provoked reactions which ensured that the Act not only failed to achieve the Government's goals, but proved to be counterproductive.

El impacto de la crisis en las retribuciones del sector público

Abstract: This work analyses the evolution of wage costs in the Spanish public administration. It presents some characteristics of the public employment, which are related to the orientation of the remuneration policy. The cost and evolution of the Spanish policy is compared to its European counterparts. In the discussion it is stressed that the Spanish administration is small and relatively expensive, that it might have lost its innovative capacity and that it has a rigid and centralized retributions system. This article presents three lines of change: Increase employment and stabilize expenditure, innovative growth and assurance of sustainable professional trajectories and finally improve institutionalization of participative budgets and boost collective bargaining.

How does the Gender Difference in Willingness to Compete evolve with Experience

Abstract: I study how gender differences in willingness to compete evolve over time in response to experience. Participants in a lab experiment perform the same real-effort task over several rounds. In each round, they have to choose between piece-rate remuneration and a winner-takes-all competition. At the end of each round, those who compete get feedback on the competition outcome. The main result is that women are much more likely than men to stop competing after a loss, which leads to the appearance of a significant gender gap in competitiveness even among those who are initially willing to compete. This gender effect is also present for high performers. In an additional experiment, I show that giving feedback to non-competers might further increase the gender gap in willingness to compete as men who initially choose not to compete react more strongly to positive feedback compared to women.

COMMENTARY: Campaign for the Return to Free Wage Bargaining

Abstract: The trade union movement in New Zealand has had its fundamental right to bargain with its employees denied it since the last award round in 1981/82. In the time that has elapsed since awards were last negotiated the National Government attempted to radically alter the total environment within which wage negotiations were to be conducted. In the first instance legislation was introduced which removed the unqualified preference clauae from the Industrial Relations Act. Secondly, the National Government sought to reform the wage fixing system in a manner which would effectively see to it that economic conditions took precedence over wage equity in deciding rates of remuneration. Thirdly, the National Government canvassed the concept of changes to existing rules of union coverage so as to make possible the emergence of enterprise based unions and consequentially the development of enterprise based bargaining.

Enxugando gelo: pirataria e direitos autorais de obras audiovisuais na era das redes

Abstract: The digital circulation of audiovisual products, in “official” form - when the owners of the patrimonial, authorial and connected rights have, theoretically, remuneration chance -, and in alternative form - the known “piracy”, through Internet, or through ambulant salesmen that sell DVDs - it is a world-wide reality. The campaigns anti-piracy, promoted for the great deliverers, are each time more aggressive. At the same time, in Brazil, there is a legal fight for the collection of referring copyrights to the musical tracks of the films shown in the cinema rooms. This paper looks for to demonstrate that there is one same logic in these two confrontations (that repeat facts happened in century 19, when of the invention of the photograph) and that this logic is far from the the situation of the authors.

Motivation through Major Interests in Intermediate Foreign Language Learning.

Abstract: ments in colleges and high schools. They have fully recognized Chinese as one of the modern languages and treated it on an equal footing with other language courses. The propellers of this pioneering movement, however, are the teachers of Chinese who spare no efforts and without thinking of remuneration have dedicated themselves to a great cause which shapes the history of language teaching in our time. Written during hospitalization at St. Barnabas Hospital, Livingston, New Jersey June, 1970 MAGDALENA M. LADD

Paying the Doctor: Systems of Remuneration and Their Effects

Abstract: In the near future, the United States Congress will consider legislation which could drastically change the traditional method of paying for physician services. William Glaser's book, Paying the Doctor, is a descriptive analysis of the principal mechanisms adopted in other countries. The book is welldocumented and can serve as an excellent introduction to the issue.The objective of this book is to demonstrate how various payment mechanisms affect the provision of health services. The author has drawn his information from 16 countries including Sweden, England, Israel, and the Soviet Union. His data have been collected from personal interviews and from publications. The evaluation of these facts is somewhat subjective. However, it is probably more a strength than a weakness since the reader can hardly remain disinterested.The first five chapters of the book contain a discussion of the basic strengths and weaknesses of fee-forservice, salary, and capitation payment systems. The

The Rationing Model and Regional Labour Markets

Abstract: This paper examines data on regional labour markets, and discusses a means of comparing the development of those markets over the period between 1986 and 1991. A simple model is considered for future estimation using data on electorates. Major differences in patterns of employment and remuneration in different parts of the country are found m and factors associated with these are explored. These differences are examined against the background of some of the leading arguments for the Employment Contracts Act, and it is shown that local factors have been a dominant factor in setting remuneration over the period studied.