Showing papers on "Scientometrics published in 1982"
Book•
31 Jul 1982
TL;DR: The Cognitive View on Science: Paradigms as mentioned in this paper is an integrated approach to the Copernican Revolution and the standard account of the Kuhnian model of scientific theory, as well as the concept of cognitive units as cognitive units and the function of paradigms.
Abstract: One: Introduction to the Cognitive View.- 1. The Development of the Cognitive View.- Perception, Pattern Recognition and Picture-processing.- Communication and Language Processing.- The Generic Scheme.- 2. World Views and Models.- The Multiplicity of World Views.- The Simplest Model of a World View.- 'Self' and 'I' as Parts of a World View.- World Views as Social Entities.- Combination and Interaction of World Views.- Information Processing and Views on Science.- A Prefatory Task.- 3. Positivism as a Monadic View.- Positivism and Scientism.- Empiristic Units of Knowledge.- Helmholtz's Cognitive Model.- Scientistic Metaphysics.- From Dualism to Neutral Monism.- The Status of Concepts.- Scientific Concepts: Clusters of Monads.- 4. Logical Positivism: A Structural View.- The Structure of Natural Language.- The Logical Reconstruction of Language.- The Emphasis on Structure.- The Logical Positivist Model of Scientific Theory.- Logical Positivist Philosophy of Science.- 5. Contexts of Science: Sciences of Science.- Merton's Norms of Science.- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors.- The Personality of the Scientist.- The Multiplicity of Arguments in the History of Science.- The Multiplicity of Scopes in History of Science.- The Science of Science.- 6. The Cognitive View on Science: Paradigms.- An Integrated Approach to the Copernican Revolution.- The Standard Account of the Kuhnian Model.- Paradigms as Cognitive Units.- Conceptual Schemes and the Functions of Paradigms.- Disciplinary Matrix and Exemplar.- The Social Nature of Paradigms.- Paradigm-studies.- Two: The Social Structure of Science.- 7. Bibliometrics and the Structure of Science.- Bibliometrics and Research on Science.- The Growth of Science.- The Detection of Growth Points and Secondary Literature.- The Metabolism of Growth and Primary Literature.- Citation Networks.- Co-citation Clustering.- Bibliometrics and Scientometrics.- 8. Informal Groups and the Origin of Networks.- Invisible Colleges and Specialties.- Characteristics of Invisible Colleges.- Invisible Colleges and Small Groups.- Communication Patterns and Information Flow.- Interdisciplinarity and the Origin of Specialties.- Migrations into Psychology: Two Examples.- Innovation and Discipleship.- 9. The Life Cycle of Scientific Specialties.- The Stages of the Specialty Life Cycle.- Regulative Mechanisms and Growth.- Finalization: Cognitive and Social in Sequence?.- Escalatory Expansion of Diffusion Studies.- Forms of Specialties and Patterns of Life Cycles.- Social Studies of Science.- Three: Cognitive Structure and Dynamics of Science.- 10. Paradigms and the Psychology of Attention and Perception.- Gestalt Perception and Gestalt Switch as Exemplars.- Perception and Selective Attention.- A Stratified Model of Perception.- Interactive and Integrative Processes in Perception.- Analysis of a Gestalt Switch in Science: Harvey's Discovery.- 11. Puzzle-solving and Reorganization of World Views.- Frames.- Defaults and Exemplars.- Problem-solving and Debugging.- Puzzle-solving and Heterarchical Control.- Procedural Aspects of Scientific Knowledge.- Self-world Segmentation and Compatibility of World Views.- Paradigms and Perspectives.- 12. Conservation and the Dynamics of Conceptual Systems.- Scientific Knowledge and Children's Concepts.- Action and Adaptation.- Table Tennis Ball Expertise.- Piaget's Stages and the Finalization-model.- Conservation and Closure of Conceptual Systems.- Harvey: Conservation of the Blood?.- Perspectives on an Object.- Paradigms and Development.- Individual Discovery and Social Success.- Epilogue.- Notes.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a series of essays has been partially motivated by dissatisfaction with the science indicators that have so far been devised to assess the health of science in the United States, and this sense of dissatisfaction parallels the increasing disenchantment with economic indicators, and for the same reasons-that they represent a lumping of many different kinds of inputs or outputs.
Abstract: This series of essays has been partially motivated by dissatisfaction with the science indicators that have so far been devised to assess the health of science in the United States. In many ways, this sense of dissatisfaction parallels the increasing disenchantment with economic indicators, and for the same reasons-that they represent a lumping of many different kinds of inputs or outputs. In the case of the economic indicator GNP, for example, expenditures to cure disamenities, such as those on pollution control equipment, are regarded as adding to the output already measured in the output of goods that generated the pollution in the first place. On the other hand, improvements in the quality of goods, such as improvements in durability, reliability, or energy consumption, may actually reduce output through reducing replacement production or expenditures on repairs or primary energy sources. I In the case of science indicators, the difficulties arc even greater because most indicators are input measures rather than output measures, a situation which obtains in the case of economic indicators for only a few sectors, such as government services. Where output measures have been introduced, they tend to measure the internal mechanics of the research enterprise itself-scientific papers, number of citations to scientific papers, patents, Nobel or other prizes, invited papers at international meetings, and sometimes migrations of scientists. Measures of the quality or significance of these outputs are crude at best. Moreover, neither the input nor the output measures give much weight to the social functions of the science enterprise, or provide any criteria HARVEY BROOKS
18 citations