Showing papers on "Semantic similarity published in 1986"
TL;DR: This article examined the influence of cross-language priming on lexical decisions in Spanish-English bilinguals at a 300-ms and 100-ms stimulus onset asyncrony, respectively.
147 citations
144 citations
TL;DR: A category effect was obtained such that a printed word from the same category as the object resulted in more interference than did aprinted word not from the category of the object, however, it was also found that graphemic similarity between the printed word and the picture label reduced the size of the category effect.
Abstract: Two experiments were performed using the picture-word interference task in which a word is superimposed on a line drawing of a picture which subjects must name. Incongruent words result in interference in naming the picture and the present studies examined the effect of graphemic and semantic similarity between the printed word and the picture label on naming times. Consistent with prior research a category effect was obtained such that a printed word from the same category as the object resulted in more interference than did a printed word not from the category of the object. However, it was also found that graphemic similarity between the printed word and the picture label reduced the size of the category effect. The time course of these effects was examined by varying the stimulus onset asynchrony between the print and the picture. The results are discussed within the logogen and pictogen framework.
108 citations
TL;DR: The idea that familiarity decisions can be based on surface form, whereas certain types of semantic decision demand additional access to identity-specific semantic codes was investigated and findings are consistent with the view that identity- specific semantic codes are accessed via face recognition units, and that outputs from face recognition Units can be used as the basis for familiarity decisions.
Abstract: Information codes that can specify the surface form of a face are contrasted with semantic codes describing the properties of the person to whom the face belongs Identity-specific semantic codes that specify characteristics of familiar people based on personal knowledge are in turn contrasted with the visually derived semantic codes and expression codes that can be derived even from unfamiliar faces The idea that familiarity decisions (ie, categorizing faces as belonging to known or unknown people) can be based on surface form, whereas certain types of semantic decision demand additional access to identity-specific semantic codes was investigated in four experiments Experiments 1 and 3 showed that decisions based on identity-specific semantic codes (semantic decisions) usually take longer than decisions that do not demand access to an identity-specific semantic code (familiarity decisions) Experiment 2 showed that the use of familiar faces drawn from consistent or mixed categories affected reaction
69 citations
TL;DR: A general model is described that views similarity judgment as a contrasting of product features and the effect of the task environment on judgments of interproduct similarity.
Abstract: A general model is described that views similarity judgment as a contrasting of product features. The relative influence of common and distinctive features on perceived similarity is considered a function of the context or task environment. A memory probe is used to measure the common and distinctive features consumers associate with various products. The feature measures are then used to estimate the model under three different task environments: similarity, dissimilarity, and subject/referent similarity. The results support the model and the effect of the task environment on judgments of interproduct similarity.
44 citations
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: An algorithm for incremental semantic analysis is presented, which guarantees immediate detection of semantic errors even in arbitrary incomplete program fragments, generated from the language's context conditions, which are described by inference rules.
Abstract: Language-specific editors for typed programming languages must contain a subsystem for semantic analysis in order to guarantee correctness of programs with respect to the context conditions of the language. As programs are usually incomplete during development, the semantic analysis must be able to cope with missing context information, e. g. incomplete variable declarations or calls to procedures imported from still missing modules. In this paper we present an algorithm for incremental semantic analysis, which guarantees immediate detection of semantic errors even in arbitrary incomplete program fragments. The algorithm is generated from the language's context conditions, which are described by inference rules. During editing, these rules are evaluated using a unification algorithm for many-sorted algebras with semi-lattice ordered subsorts and non-empty equational theories. The method has been implemented as part of the PSG system, which generates interactive programming environments from formal language definitions, and has been successfully used to generate an incremental semantic analysis for PASCAL and MODULA-2.
16 citations
25 Aug 1986
TL;DR: This paper is concerned exclusively with semantic relations (SRs), to which participants in the multi-lingual MT-project EUROTRA shall also refer as "participant roles" (PR).
Abstract: i. The following paper Js based on work done in the multi-lingual MT-project EUROTRA, an MT-pro~ect of the European Community. Analysis and generation of clauses within the EUROTRA-framework proceeds through the levels of (at least) EUROTRA constituent structure (ECS), EUROTRA relational structure (ERS) and interface structure (IS) (cf. Arnold/des Tombe/Jaspaert.1985 and the EUROTRA-REFERENCE MANUAL, version I, revision 0). At IS, labelling of nodes consists of labellings for time, modality, semantic features, semantic relations and others. In this paper, we shalI be concerned exclusively with semantic relations (SRs), to which we shall also refer as "participant roles" (PR). A list of EUROTRA SRs as given in ELS-3 is reproduced beiow:
14 citations
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: This paper presents an approach to natural language understanding which is an integrated approach, in the sense that syntactic and semantic processing take place at the same time, however, unlike previous integrated systems, the approach described here uses largely separate bodies of syntacticand semantic knowledge, which are combined only at the time of processing.
Abstract: A controversy has existed over the interaction of syntax and semantics in natural language understanding systems. According to theories of integrated parsing, syntactic and semantic processing should take place simultaneously, with the parsing process driven by a single rule base which contains both syntactic and semantic knowledge. This is in sharp contrast to traditional linguistic approaches to language analysis, in which syntact,ic and semantic processing are performed separately from one another, driven by completely separate sets of syntactic and semantic rules. This paper presents an approach to natural language understanding which is a compromise between these two views. It is an integrated approach, in the sense that syntactic and semantic processing take place at the same time. However, unlike previous integrated systems, the approach described here uses largely separate bodies of syntactic and semantic knowledge, which are combined only at the time of processing.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multidimensional scaling, applied to similarity ratings of parts, was used to demonstrate that parts are not organized in memory in terms of similarity, and that parts differ, in this way, from category members.
Abstract: Multidimensional scaling, applied to similarity ratings of parts, was used to demonstrate that parts are not organized in memory in terms of similarity. Parts differ, in this way, from category members. Similarity is one element of the class inclusion relation, but not of the part-whole relation. Failure to attend to the properties of relations is one source of relation confusion. Relation confusion appears to be pervasive in relation comprehension and this raises doubts about the use of semantic relations as theoretical primitives in theories of semantic memory.
9 citations
25 Aug 1986
TL;DR: A generating device for achieving wellformed semantic feature expressions is introduced for guaranteeing consistency between lexical units coded by lexicographers.
Abstract: A major problem in machine translation is the semantic description of lexical units which should be based on a semantic system that is both coherent and operationalized to the greatest possible degree. This is to guarantee consistency between lexical units coded by lexicographers. This article introduces a generating device for achieving wellformed semantic feature expressions.
25 Aug 1986
TL;DR: The semantic features of nouns classified into categories in Japanese-to-English translation are discussed, and a system for semantic markers is proposed which is extremely effective in determining the meanings of Wago verbs which have broader concepts like English verbs, "make", "get", "take", "put", etc.
Abstract: This paper discusses the semantic features of nouns classified into categories in Japanese-to-English translation, and proposes a system for semantic markers. In our system syntactic analysis is carried out by checking the semantic compatibility between verbs and nouns. The semantic structure of a sentence can be extracted at the same time as its syntactic analysis.We also use semantic markers to select words in the transfer phase for translation into English.The system of the Semantic Markers for Nouns consists of 13 conceptional faccts including one facct for "Others" (discussed later), and is made up of 49 filial slots (semantic markers) as terminals. We have tested about 3,000 sample abstracts in science and technological fields. Our research has revealed that our method is extremely effective in determining the meanings of Wago verbs (basic Japanese verbs) which have broader concepts like English verbs, "make", "get", "take", "put", etc.