Showing papers on "Situational ethics published in 1971"

Managerial Behavior, Situational Factors, and Productivity and Morale.

Abstract: The intent of this paper is to establish a comnrellensive conceptual framework for the problem of managerial behavior and to investigate some of the critical components of the framework. Distinctive dimensions of managerial behavior and of situational variables were defined by factor analysis. The dimensions of managerial behavior were then correlated with effectiveness criteria to identify significant situational influences. A larger number of situational variables were found to influence the relationship between dimensions of managerial behavior and productivity than between these dimensions and morale. The importance of situational variables in influencing the effectiveness of managerial behavior is clearly shown in the results of this study.

Current Issues in Psycholinguistics and Second Language Teaching.

Abstract: It is urged that there is no real conflict between the "audiolingual habit" and "cognitive-code learning" theories as applied to language teaching. It is false to make an opposition between rule-governed behavior and language habits. The notion of habit is, however, more general than that of rule, and is not as conceptually inadequate as sometimes claimed. The learning of second languages requires both the acquisition of knowledge about rules and the formation of the habits described by these rules. Language teaching procedures can be improved by application of psychological knowledge concerning the learning of language habits. It is stressed that situational meaning must be incorporated into language rules where it is applicable, and that the corresponding language habits must be made contingent upon these situational meanings.

Work and Leisure: Situational Attitudes

Abstract: Some years ago, Robert Dubin (1956: 131-132) advanced "the axiom that social experience is inevitably segmented" for most individuals in industrial society, "with each social segment lived out more or less independently of the rest." The worlds of work and leisure are psychologically separate. His research led to the conclusion that attitudes toward work and leisure are situationally specific. Thus, the modem industrial worker does not tend to seek primary affective gratification i work situations, nor does he apply criteria of technological ppropriateness or efficiency when engaged in family and leisure activities. By implication, the main links between the worlds of work and of leisure are those of structural constraints-i.e., time availability, time distribution, resources, and the like. Although Dubin argued both that work interests were independent of leisure interests and that leisure interests were independent of work interests, his research explored mainly the former linkage. Thus, looking at factory workers, it was reported that "the workplace is not very congenial to the development of preferred informal human relationships" (Dubin,

The Impact of Social Constraints on the Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior

Abstract: The present research is concerned with situational variables which may influence the relationship between attitudes and overt behavior. More specifically, the research tried to assess the effects of social participation, attitudinal congruence and disclosure on the relationship between a subject's attitude toward legalizing marijuana and an overt act toward that same attitude object. In this laboratory study, only attitudinal congruence seems to have any direct effect on the relationship between attitudes and behavior. The statement that attitudes are good predictors of behavior is, at present, controversial. Several studies relating to the above claim have been published.1 Deutscher (1966) states that to expect a correspondence between attitudes and behavior is unreasonable. DeFleur and Westie (1963) have argued that sociologists and social psychologists have fallen into the "fallacy of expected correspondence" when they anticipate a direct relationship between attitudes and behavior. And Warner and DeFleur (1969), following Yinger's (1965) suggestions, have proposed that only a "postulate of contingent consistency" can adequately explain attitudebehavior discrepancies. They emphasize the importance of interaction effects between individual dispositions and situational variables in accounting for the relationship between attitudes

A STRUCTURAL APPROACH vs. A SITUATIONAL APPROACH TO FOREIGN-LANGUAGE TEACHING†

Abstract: Two approaches to foreign-language instruction were compared in an experiment in which American children learned Japanese. In the “structural approach,” materials were sequenced in order of increased difficulty of grammatical and lexical forms. In the “situational approach,” the same materials were presented in the form of meaningful dialogues; sequencing did not depend upon the relative difficulty of grammatical and lexical items. The principal findings of the experiment were: (1) that the situational approach produced results equal to or better than those of the structural approach, (2) that the situational approach produced significantly better results among students of high language aptitude and intelligence; and (3) that there was no significant difference between approaches among students of lower aptitude and intelligence. A major implication of this study for foreign language teaching is that in elementary courses for children, it is unnecessary to sequence content materials according to the linguistic difficulty of grammatical and lexical forms. In classes which are heterogeneous or of generally high intelligence and language aptitude, sequencing by situations is more beneficial than sequencing according to relative linguistic difficulty.

Personality and Situational Determinants of Leader Behavior

Abstract: : The paper examines the relationship between such behaviors as the leader's consideration and structuring and two key variables of the Contingency Model The variables, the Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) score and the 'favorableness' of the leadership situation, interact in a highly consistent manner in affecting these leader behaviors The evidence that leader behavior depends, in large part, on the interaction of LPC and situational favorableness indicates that we should avoid defining leadership style on the basis of leader behaviors, and that the prediction of leader behavior must be based on the joint effects of personality and situational factors

Situational style and the rotunda eulogies

Abstract: Despite a widespread assumption that style is personal, there is evidence that departures from idiomatic norms also may be situational in origin, as suggested by this study of the similar uses of uncommon language behaviors in the recently televised Rotunda eulogies.

Situational normativism and teaching of policy sciences

Abstract: The increasing interest in policy sciences—the multidisciplinary activity concerned with decision-making for social problems—and the introduction of policy science programs in a number of leading universities has highlighted the need for teaching programs in the subject.

A Behavior Preference Inventory for Special Education Administrators

Abstract: The purpose of this study was the development and validation of an instrument, the Behavior Preference Inventory (BPI), to measure the need values of special education administrators, utilizing Rotter's social learning theory. The five need categories of recognition-status, protection dependency, dominance, independence, and love and affection, were examined in an experimental test sample with which a validating instrument was used involving the administrator's subordinates. A normative sample involving membership of CASE contributed additional descriptive data. It is advocated that the BPI is useful as a screening device in related research on the relationship of need value to expectancy and situational determinants in decision making. It is also proposed that the instrument serve as a vehicle for the sensitization of administrators to their personality investment in decision making.

Separation Issues in Supervision of Beginning Students in Counseling

Abstract: The supervisory relationship in counseling is one in which the student and supervisor are brought together to achieve certain professional purposes. It is a relationship that exists within the framework of a learning situation in which the supervisor's main function is that of teaching and enabling and the student's that of learning and becoming able. In other words, the emphasis and focus of supervision is on the tasks to be mastered, while the relationship is the vehicle or means by which the teaching and mastery of learning are to be achieved. The idea that a counselor who is knowledgeable and competent as a practitioner is, ipso facto, capable of teaching what he knows and practices is a fallacious one. The counseling supervisor must be able to give up the security of his skills as a practitioner and take on a new function, must learn to communicate knowledge and skills to others, adapt to differences in students' learning patterns and styles of helping, differentiate between situational anxieties and neurotically fixed anxiety, etc. Just as a situation of change calls forth in some measure for all of us earlier ways of adaptation, the learning and change necessitated by the assumption of a supervisory role may involve a repetition of old patterns of behavior. Needless to say, the repeating of the past pertains even more strongly to the counseling student, the beginner, who is the "major learner" in the supervisory situation. In this paper, I should like to focus not on the supervisor's role, but on the functioning of the beginning student and specifically on issues in his learning situation that may involve emotional separation from the past.

Organizational analysis of political concern and party support

Abstract: In the area of the study of political processes, there have been few situational survey investigations concerning organization of party support and political concern.In this paper, party selection and party support strength were taken as variables representing party support, and political concern, situational political concern, and election concern were taken as three variables representing political concern. These variables were identified in the variables of social and life attitudes. The survey results were examined to clarify correspondence between party support and political concern.The subjects surveyed were 302 males, between 20 to 59 years of age, living in Tokyo. The length of the survey was one week, from October 19th to 26th, 1969. The Hayashi's Quantification Theory was employed as the means of analysis. As a result of the analysis by the Quantification Theory Family II, with a factor of party selection considered as an outside criterion, four criteria of party selection by the subjects were found. Concerning these criteria, a factor of contact with mass communication was found to play a large role. Moreover, factors specifying the support strength for various parties were identifiable as party selection, income, desire consciousness, and desired income.With respect to political concern taken as an outside criterion, anomie, autonomy, and newspaper reading were found to specify basic political concern, while age, social motive, and desired income were found to specify situational political concern. Moreover, newspaper reading, social norm and persons conferred upon when in trouble were found to be the specifying factors of election concern.In the last analysis, the factor of contact with mass communication was found to have strong relationships with both party support and political concern, but party support and political concern were found to be distinct systems having no correspondence with each other.

A Situational Approach to the Study of Police‐Negro Relations*

Abstract: (1971). A Situational Approach to the Study of Police-Negro Relations. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 232-237.