Showing papers on "Sodium chlorate published in 1980"
Patent•
22 Sep 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a highly efficient chlorine dioxide generating process which produces chlorine-free chlorine dioxide and neutral solid phase sodium sulphate from sodium chlorate, sulphuric acid and methanol is described.
Abstract: A highly efficient chlorine dioxide generating process which produces chlorine-free chlorine dioxide and neutral solid phase sodium sulphate from sodium chlorate, sulphuric acid and methanol is described. Solid phase sodium acid sulphate recovered from the high acidity reaction medium is metathesized using controlled quantities of water and controlled quantities of methanol to form the solid phase neutral sodium sulphate. Sulphuric acid recovered from the acid sulphate by the metathesis is recycled to the generator along with a part of the methanol used in the metathesis.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the starting aqueous substance is, apart from sea water, waste sludges, a rock salt solution or a mixture of sludge and salt solution.
5 citations
Patent•
11 Nov 1980
TL;DR: In this article, a zinc phosphate chemical conversion was used to improve the adhesiveness and corrosion resistance of paint films and suppress the formation of sludge by treating the surfaces of a steel material with alkali metal phosphate added with small amts. of a titanium compound and chlorate.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the adhesiveness and corrosion resistance of paint films and suppress the formation of sludge by treating the surfaces of a steel material with alkali metal phosphate added with small amts. of a titanium compound and chlorate then subjecting the same to a zinc phosphate chemical conversion treatment. CONSTITUTION:A cold-rolled steel plate or the like is subjected to an immersion treatment with the surface preparing agent consisting essentially of an alkali metal phosphate such as sodium phosphate and adding small amts. of a titanium compound and chlorate such as sodium chlorate. Thence, it is treated with a zinc phosphate chemical conversion treating soln. without rinsing, whereby a zinc phosphate film is formed. By this treatment, the dense film of high quality is formed stably, and the adhesiveness and corrosion resistance of paint are improved. The formation of sludge by the treating soln. is less and the workability of the chemical conversion treatment is improved.
5 citations
TL;DR: The Munchner process for production of ClO2 has proved environmentally sound and continuously improved as mentioned in this paper, and the number of chlorination steps has been optimized for each quality of wood, and the increasing use of chlorine dioxide leads to an expansion of chlorate electrolysis and chlorine dioxide plant at the expense of chlorine.
Abstract: Development and trends in chlorine dioxide bleaching with integrated chlorate electrolysis for the cellulose industry. Rising demand for cellulose and paper and the environmental measures necessary in this branch of industry compel the companies involved to invest large sums. In particular, waste water from bleaching operations causes difficulties in biological waste water purification owing to high chlorolignin content. The sequence of chlorination steps have been optimized for each quality of wood, and the increasing use of chlorine dioxide leads to an expansion of chlorate electrolysis and chlorine dioxide plant at the expense of chlorine. The consumption of chemicals for the various cellulose qualities is considered. During the past 30 years, the Munchner process for production of ClO2 has proved environmentally sound and is being continuously improved. Only hydrochloric acid and water are needed as raw materials. The chlorine formed in this process is converted into hydrochloric acid, hypochlorite, and chlorine water. All steps of the processes require only liquids and gases permitting a favourable, closed mode of operation without by-products or waste salts. New chlorate cells built since 1969 are equipped exclusively with coated titanium anodes (load between 6 and 100 kA) with DC efficiencies of 92 to 95%. Annual world production of sodium chlorate exceeds 1 million tonnes. The rate of increase has long remained steady at 5%.
4 citations
Patent•
27 Aug 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a continuous method is described for prodn. of chlorine dioxide by reduction of chlorate ions with chloride ions in an acid medium resulting from the introduction into sodium chloride soln.
Abstract: Continuous method is described for prodn. of chlorine dioxide by reduction of chlorate ions with chloride ions in an acid medium resulting from the introduction into sodium chloride soln. of sodium chlorate and hydrochloric acid at boiling point under sub-atmospheric pressure. The products are a mixt. of ClO2, Cl and steam. The process comprises reacting at 30-85 deg.C and a pressure of 20-400mm Hg NaClO3 at least 75% saturation, the mole ratio of chlorate to chloride ions being 1-6:1. The true hydrogen ion concn. of the mixt. is 0.5-0.3N. A soluble Pd salt (chloride) is dissolved in the reaction medium as catalyst in an amount of 5-25mg/l. Improved yield is achieved with less catalyst than in prior art.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and circular dichroism CD (CD) of sodium chlorate is presented in the far UV at and near the UV absorption peak.
Abstract: The optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and circular dichroism CD) of sodium chlorate is presented in the far UV at and near the UV absorption peak. Although previous data published on sodium chlorate showed the ORD in the visible and near UV, the far UV was less accessible due to the large absorption in the region of interest. This obstacle has been overcome by using thin plates of single crystal sodium chlorate. The most significant aspect of this work is that it confirms previous predictions of an anomaly near the absorption peak based upon a Drude equation.
2 citations
Patent•
01 Feb 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to ship steam directly or as it leaves the turbine, on iron heated to about 800 ° C, which supplies hydrogen and, as a byproduct, ferric oxide and the source initial energy is, in addition to solar energy, any known source of energy even unprofitable, such as coal located at great depths.
Abstract: It makes boillir the aqueous substance, eg sea water, under pressure sends the steam produced in uneturbine deturbo-alternator to produce electricity, the residual vapor is condensed into fresh water and recovered as a byproduct the evaporation residue, e.g., sea salt. To ship steam directly or as it leaves the turbine, on iron heated to about 800 ° C, which supplies hydrogen and, as a byproduct, ferric oxide and the source initial energy is, in addition to solar energy, any known source of energy even unprofitable, such as coal located at great depths. The starting aqueous substance, in addition to seawater, sewage sludge, a rock salt solution or a mixture of mud and saline. In the case of sludge, by-product is a dry fertilizer and sterilized, converted into fuel briquettes. The salt residue is transformable by electrolysis into hydrogen and sodium chlorate, which is a fuel, sludge-salt residue provides a combustible mixture, sodium dried-chlorate sludge mixable to refuse to support the combustibility thereof . Sodium chlorate is converted into potassium chlorate and water vapor pressure can be condensed in remote reservoirs and heat recovered. The energy produced can be used in the method.
2 citations
TL;DR: It is confirmed that BC, BD, BE, B1C, B2C, and A have signed an agreement to co-operate on anti-doping measures.
Abstract: 塩素酸ソーダの枯殺力が土壌条件によって異なる原因を明らかにするために, BC, BD, BE, B1C型土壌を対象に, 土壌中の薬剤の消長と各土壌型上に生育するクマイザサの根系の分布状態を調査し, 検討を行った。1) 塩素酸ソーダの土壌中における残効は, B1C型土壌では散布14日後で消失したが, BD, BE型土壌では30日, BC型土壌では60日であり, 除草剤の残留期間は腐植含量が少なく構造深度の浅い土壌で長い傾向が認められた。2) エンバクに対する生長阻害作用を土壌中の移動性を含めて比較すると, BC型土壌で大きく, 以下BD型, BE型, B1C型土壌の順に小さくなる。この傾向は, 林地においてクマイザサを対象に行った施用試験の枯殺結果6)と一致した。3) 各土壌型でクマイザサの根系の垂直分布を調査した結果, A層の薄いBC型土壌で根系の分布深も浅い。一方, BE型, B1C型土壌ではA層は厚く, クマイザサの根系の分布深も深い。一般に塩素酸ソーダの効果は, A層が厚く根系が土壌中深くまで分布する土壌ほど小さい傾向が認められた。
1 citations
Patent•
15 Sep 1980
TL;DR: In this article, a highly efficient chloride dioxide generating process which produces chlorine-free chlorine dioxide and neutral solid phase sodium sulphate from sodium chlorate, sulphuric acid and methanol is described.
Abstract: OF THE DISCLOSURE A highly efficient chloride dioxide generating process which produces chlorine-free chlorine dioxide and neutral solid phase sodium sulphate from sodium chlorate, sulphuric acid and methanol is described. Solid phase sodium acid sulphate recovered from the high acidity reaction medium is metathesized using controlled quantities of water and controlled quantities of methanol to from the solid phase neutral sodium sulphate. Sulphuric acid recovered from the acid sulphate by the metathesis is recycled to the generator along with a part of the methanol used in the metathesis.
1 citations
Patent•
09 Jul 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of graphite fluoride powder and copper (or iron) powder is pressurized and molded and pressurized by impulse waves, and dust bodies with not more than approximate 30% porosity are manufactured.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To synthesize diamond powder efficiently at comparatively low pressure by a method wherein a mixture of graphite fluoride powder and copper (or iron) powder is pressurized and molded and pressurized by impulse waves. CONSTITUTION:Copper (or iron) with not more than approximate 200mu grain size, which weight % is the not less than approximate 80 weight % of graphite fluoride with not more than approximate 100mu grain size, is mixed to the graphite fluoride (it is preferable that carbon and fluorine are equivalent mol or fluorine is slightly excessive), and molded, and dust bodies with not more than approximate 30% porosity are manufactured. Impulse waves with approximate 400-1500K bar are applied to the said dust bodies, the dust bodies are treated near the boiling point of sodium chlorate by using conc. nitric acid to which a small quantity of sodium chlorate is mixed, and carbon under a non-transition condition is dissolved and removed, thus obtaining diamond powder.
1 citations