Showing papers on "Spatial planning published in 1989"

Population and environment in the hills of Nepal.

Abstract: This article examines how the people in the hills of Nepal in spite of their physical and economic isolation from the national mainstream could manage their economic activities for such a long time without any heavy environmental stress. The major proportion of Nepals population lives in the hills. In the early 1900s the population in the hills was small in absolute numbers. The population grew during the 1900s despite continuous out-migration. Under present circumstances the hills of Nepal do not allow any further intensification of cropping because of the zones high elevation steep slopes poor soils and high level of precipitation. The hills were mostly bypassed in terms of policy and planning until the beginning of the 5th Five Year Plan period (1976-1980) when development plans were drawn up and budget allocations were made on a regional basis. Because of concentration on agriculture in the plains nonfarm employment opportunities barely exist there. Strategies the hill people have used to cope with the limited carrying capacity of land resources and few alternative employment opportunities include 1) expansion of agricultural lands into marginally suited areas 2) enlarging the size of their livestock herds 3) out-migration and 4) collection of fuel wood. These practices have led to the deterioration of the ecological balance. The hill people are reluctant to adopt family planning because a small family size puts heavier pressure on the household economy and its available labor force. To stabilize the economic and environmental systems and to control accelerated population growth in the hills a comprehensive development program must be worked out focusing on alleviating pressure on the fragile resource system. The strategy would include 1) agricultural development 2) implementation of an integrated agrarian and land reform program 3) promotion of non-farm employment opportunities 4) population control and 5) peoples participation in decision-making and planning. Watersheds are the appropriate spatial planning units for regional development planning processes.

Spatial planning for musical output

Abstract: This article describes an expert system called ENGRAVE that produces musical notation. This task is a resource allocation problem involving the layout of musical objects in space. to do this, we use a spatial planning technique called constraint guidance to plan the layout of the music. an example is given to illustrate the technique. an additional example is given in another domain to show that constraint guidance has general applicability for spatial planning problems. © 1989 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A gazdasági és közigazgatási reformok hatása a területi fejlődésre

Abstract: With reference to the results of Hungarian economics, sociology, political science and geography, the paper calls for a comprehensive approach in geographical research which should rely on there results and attempt to summarize the spatial impacts of the praxis of the organisation of society in ex isting socialism. The author herself does attempt to analyse the impacts of economic and administrative reforms on regional development on the basis of relevant Hungarian literature and the 'reform histories' in three socialist countries. In the first chapter the author theoretically clarifies the relationship between economy, administration and regional development. The second chapter briefly reviews how economic and administrative measures related to each other and to regional development in the history of Hungary and two 'extremist' socialist countries: Yugoslavia and Romania. The third part draws general conclusions from contrasting similarities and dissimilarities between countries. The most important statement here is the following: besides significant differences, there are many common features in the development of the three socialist countries. Balkings in economic and administrative reforms and their contradictions had repercussions on each other and as a result, centralized hierarchical control has remained strong in all three countries. Spatial policy objectives and spatial planning appeared in vain from the mid-1960s: the realization of spatial— and settlement development objectives has been limited, spatial disparities have not diminished to significant extent, moreover, interventions in the natural course of spatial development often led to new spatial tensions.