Showing papers on "Telecom infrastructure sharing published in 2022"
01 Mar 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors review the distributed-fiber-sensing field trial results over deployed telecom networks with local AI processing, real-time detection, and localization of abnormal events with cable damage threat assessment for cable self-protection.
Abstract: We review the distributed-fiber-sensing field trial results over deployed telecom networks. With local AI processing, real-time detection, and localization of abnormal events with cable damage threat assessment are realized for cable self-protection. © 2021
5 citations
01 Mar 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors discuss the application of enhanced backscattering fiber in telecom networks, which can greatly increase the potential of telecom networks to be used as sensors of network health and its surrounding environment.
Abstract: We discuss the application of enhanced backscattering fiber in telecom networks. Such fibers can greatly increase the potential of telecom networks to be used as sensors of network health and its surrounding environment. © 2021 Optica
5 citations
06 Jul 2022
TL;DR: Existing and emerging business models in the telecommunications ecosystem are examined and these findings are analyzed to derive perspectives for Beyond-5G (B5G) and 6G networks.
Abstract: Massive technology transformations are more and more challenging the way mobile telecommunications networks are designed and deployed. Beyond purely technological impacts, these transformations are also challenging business models and strategies, requiring both adaptability and timeliness. Many stakeholders from the Telecom industry value chain are attempting to take benefit from this shift towards softwarized and disaggregated networks, to promote or consolidate their business position. In this article, we examine existing and emerging business models (BMs) in the telecommunications ecosystem and analyze these findings to derive perspectives for Beyond-5G (B5G) and 6G networks.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors provide an overview of how Europe and small member states have been preparing its space related activities in combination with non-space activities for the digital transformation of the country.
3 citations
TL;DR: IoT technology in telecom in Pakistan is discussed in context of a Telecom Company “China Mobile Pakistan” in developing country Pakistan, who is boosting connectivity among people and devices through the deployment of IoT platform OneNET.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is changing the role of telecommunications service providers in promoting connectivity among people and devices. Through its deployment, the IoT is fostering digitization, technological innovation, and advancement in the telecom industry. Telecom businesses are primarily engaging in IoT platforms through either international collaborations with cloud service providers or local infrastructure deployments. In developing countries, businesses are adopting IoT technology, which is a newly emerging phenomenon. From sim and data sales to new IoT-enabled offerings, telecoms are diversifying their businesses and services. Individuals and businesses can use their services to host IoT devices, applications, and solutions on the IoT platform. This paper discusses IoT technology in telecom in context of a Telecom Company “China Mobile Pakistan” in developing country Pakistan, who is boosting connectivity among people and devices through the deployment of IoT platform OneNET. Through qualitative case study, this paper documents ecosystem, value chain, features, architecture, and functions of IoT platform OneNET. It emphasizes the importance of an IoT platform that aids management, as well as university students, hardware providers, solution providers, equipment suppliers, local application developers, and incubators, in comprehending the complexities of IoT technology for telecoms.
3 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a blockchain-based reliable traceability system for telecom big data transactions using smart contracts and the InterPlanetary File System, where two types of smart contracts are developed to store transaction information for tracing.
Abstract: Telecom big data generated by telecom networks have a high economic value. Thus, telecom operators actively explore telecom big data transactions methods to minimize the possibility of leaking users’ privacy. The existing solutions do not allow the data sets to leave the database, instead only allow the buyers to send data mining algorithms to the telecom operator’s platform for training. However, this centralized platform has a high risk of tampering. In addition, the currently existing solutions cannot be used to accurately and quickly trace the information of telecom big data transactions. To address these limitations, we propose a blockchain-based reliable traceability system for telecom big data transactions using smart contracts and the InterPlanetary File System. Two types of smart contracts are developed to store transaction information for tracing. Access control strategies and a reapproval prevention strategy are designed for ensuring the safe operation of the system and avoiding the problem of favoritism and fraud. We use Ethereum as a verification platform to develop and evaluate this system. The implementation of functions, such as purchasing data sets, sending algorithms, obtaining results, and tracing transactions in the smart contract and the implementation of the proposed strategies are verified. The results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed system is better than the existing solutions, and the traceability response time is improved to the order of seconds, so as to realize the safe and efficient traceability of telecom big data transactions. In addition, Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric v0.6 were discussed to provide insights for future development.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated the market reaction to announcements of 5G MEC cooperation for telecom operators using an event study methodology and found that such announcements have a negative impact on the telecom operators' firm value.
Abstract: Since multi‐access edge computing (MEC) was established as a key enabler of 5G, MEC based on 5G networks (5G MEC) has been perceived as a new business opportunity for many industry players, including telecom operators. Numerous 5G MEC cooperation announcements among companies playing their respective roles in the MEC ecosystem have been recently released. However, because of cooperative and competitive relationships among key players in the MEC ecosystem and the uncertainty of 5G MEC, the announcement of 5G MEC cooperation can negatively affect the telecom operators' firm value. This study investigates the market reaction to announcements of 5G MEC cooperation for telecom operators using an event study methodology. The empirical results show that announcements of 5G MEC cooperation have a negative impact on the telecom operators' firm value. The results also show that the early deployment of 5G networks may reduce the negative impact of 5G MEC cooperation announcements by reducing uncertainty.
1 citations
TL;DR: The Comprehensive Techno-economic (CTE) model for the analysis of telecom operator potentials is a new and original model for analysis and will significantly help in their transformation processes as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: Modern telecom operators will have to change their business approach, organization, products development and services development, customer approach and many other important issues if they want to be competitive on the telecom markets in the following years and decades. They will have key roles in this period dubbed the Industry 4.0 era. There are many different models of analysis for telecom operators, but they all have a partial approach to analysis and none of them gives a complete picture of the analysis of telecoms. The Comprehensive Techno-Economic (CTE) model for the analysis of telecom operator potentials is a new and original model for analysis and will significantly help in their transformation processes. This model will enable a quick and easy analysis of the potential of the telecom operator, but also of individual parts of it, regardless of other parts of the company. Despite the fact that the model is easy to define the input data and that it is fast in applying the analysis, it gives precise and mathematically defined results from which one can see the assessment of the potential of telecom or independent assessment of its parts. The main advantages of this model are simplicity, speed of telecom analysis, accuracy of results and its modularity, i.e., independent evaluation of individual parts. Such a model is necessary for telecom operators to achieve fast and reliable potential assessment, analysis, modeling and the easier adaptation of new products and services. This is a unique model with a scientific background and theoretical settings, and it provides practical application in the telecommunication market.
1 citations
24 May 2022
TL;DR: This paper presents a consortium blockchain based architecture to address the problem of UCC in India and believes that the approach can be generalized to adopt blockchain based solutions to improve regulatory processes in other contexts and countries.
Abstract: The use of blockchain in regulatory ecosystems is a promising approach to address challenges of compliance among mutually untrusted entities. In this work, we consider applications of blockchain technologies in telecom regulations. In particular, we address growing concerns around Unsolicited Commercial Communication (UCC aka. spam) sent through text messages (SMS) and phone calls in India. Despite several regulatory measures taken to curb the menace of spam it continues to be a nuisance to subscribers while posing challenges to telecom operators and regulators alike. In this paper, we present a consortium blockchain based architecture to address the problem of UCC in India. Our solution improves subscriber experiences, improves the efficiency of regulatory processes while also positively impacting all stakeholders in the telecom ecosystem. Unlike previous approaches to the problem of UCC, which are all ex-post, our approach to adherence to the regulations is ex-ante. The proposal described in this paper is a primary contributor to the revision of regulations concerning UCC and spam by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). The new regulations published in July 2018 were first of a kind in the world and amended the 2010 Telecom Commercial Communication Customer Preference Regulation (TCCCPR), through mandating the use of a blockchain/distributed ledgers in addressing the UCC problem. In this paper, we provide a holistic account of of the projects’ evolution from (1) its design and strategy, to (2) regulatory and policy action, (3) country wide implementation and deployment, and (4) evaluation and impact of the work. While the scope of the work presented in this paper is in the context of the UCC problem in India, we believe that the approach can be generalized to adopt blockchain based solutions to improve regulatory processes in other contexts and countries. We hope this account will serve as a useful case study for the stakeholders of the telecommunications ecosystem and regulators, and motivate countries across the world facing similar challenges to consider the viability of the technology, be convinced to establish it, continue efforts at addressing active research challenges, and scale the technology from our experiences.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors compared the current telecom ecosystem workflow with a blockchain-based workflow to solve the unsolicited commercial communication (UCC) problem and discussed the technological and legislative approaches to deal with the spam problem.
Abstract: This article describes the current telecom ecosystem’s workflow for the commercial distribution of advertising messages. Here, we contrast the current telecom ecosystem workflow with a blockchain-based workflow to solve the unsolicited commercial communication (UCC) problem. Blockchain technology and its effects on telecom are explained. We are talking about the technological and legislative approaches to deal with the spam problem. The discussion is limited to the Indian context.
01 Dec 2022
TL;DR: Huang et al. as discussed by the authors introduced the new definition of customer chum for the telecom industry, and proposed a Half Termination Dynamic Label (HTDL) that improves the churn prediction solution with XGBoost.
Abstract: With the rapid progress of the telecom industry and fierce competition among telecom operators, telecom companies pay more attention to customer retention. Telecom companies developed multiple solutions to predict churn customers before customers move to another telecom operator. However, the existing prediction solutions have some disadvantages in the real-world use cases. For example, churn definition is limited to moving from one telecom operator to another, which is too late for preventing customer churn. The main contribution of the paper is to introduce the new definition of customer chum for the telecom industry, and to propose a Half Termination Dynamic Label (HTDL) that improves the churn prediction solution with XGBoost. Experiment results showed that the proposed solution improved the model performance, which significantly outperforms traditional solution, in terms of churn prediction on F1-score. The new solution also sidelines more active customers for retention.
TL;DR: In this paper , a case study of the nature of the challenges and difficulties the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited faced in the transition period of changeover and to study the strategies adopted by the BSNL to overcome them is presented.
Abstract: Telecom Sector in India remained as a monopoly for over a century managed by the State until 2000. By that time restructuring of Telecom services gained momentum in many countries, theworld over. In line with the changes, taking place the world over, the State-owned monopoly Telecom Organization, the Department of Telecom in India was converted as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), a Company with effect from 1st October 2000 and made to operate as one of the Telecom companies. This paper is a live case study of the nature of the challenges and difficulties the BSNL faced in the transition period of changeover and to study the strategies adopted by the BSNL to overcome them. Also to study the effect on the performance of the newly formed BSNL and to study what do the government sector employees perceive to be the appropriate approach for change initiatives of this type of changeover.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present the latest and emerging technologies trends in the telecom industry include 5G- THE NEXT BIG NETWORK, RPA, RAN, Cloud Computing, WIFI 6, Metaverse, and Optimization of the cost.
Abstract: Ever since the pandemic has hit us all around the world, Industries focused on providing support to customers as well as a business via digital transformation. As the spectrum now taking place in India it is expected that in no time India shall join the ranks with 5G telecom networks. Some of the latest and emerging technologies trends in the telecom industry include 5G- THE NEXT BIG NETWORK, RPA, RAN, Cloud Computing, WIFI 6, Metaverse, and Optimization of the cost.
19 Jun 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors measured the constructs of readiness of green technologies and discussed its conceptualization by telecom firms in Indian context, and identified four different readiness constructs (technology readiness, financial readiness, organizational readiness, and regulatory readiness) with 15 concepts.
Abstract: This paradigm shift in telecommunications (telecom) from 1G to 4G and now moving towards 5G is changing the way of life and doing business resulting into 5.3 billion subscribers worldwide. India stands at second position with 1154.62 million mobile subscribers (Dec, 2021). With technology benefits, the carbon footprint comes as an environmental concern with increasing subscriber base. Telecom sector contributes 0.7% of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. This is expected to increase with the addition of network components focusing on improved efficiency in next generation technologies and services. Literature have focused more on green information and communication technology (ICT) sector as a whole, with limited studies on green telecom which focuses only on energy efficient techniques. The readiness, acceptance, and usage of green technologies in the sector across value chain, thus becomes critical. This study measures the constructs of readiness of green technologies and discusses its conceptualization by telecom firms in Indian context. An exploratory qualitative approach is adopted. Open-ended semi-structured interviews and focus group with telecom experts in India, from service providers, solution providers and network & equipment manufacturers was conducted. The interview transcripts were analyzed using the technique of thematic content analysis. This research identified 4 different readiness constructs (Technology readiness, Financial readiness, Organizational readiness, and Regulatory readiness) with 15 concepts. These findings can help telecom firms in increasing their readiness levels for faster implementation of green technologies in India.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors have discussed the global telecom scenario, the achievement of India in this sector, the growth-pattern of FDI, Mergers and Acquisitions, the changing landscape of telecom sector in terms of issues challenges and opportunities.
Abstract: The telecom sector is one of the prime contributors to India's GDP. The telecom services have been recognized the world-over as an important tool for socio-economic development for a nation. The literature available shows a positive correlation between rapid growth and modernization of various sectors of the economy with the growth of telecom infrastructure. From the time of the British Rule, the Telecom Industry in India was under the strict supervision of the government. The trend continued even after independence until the late 1990s, when the positive initiatives were taken up by the government. The telecom sector was opened up for private investment as a part of liberalization-privatization-globalization policies and since then it has seen radical and structural changes. In the last few decades the common man has seen lot of anomalies and scams in this sector. At present the government due to the transparency revolution is making it as a tool to fight corruption. This sector has also seen exponential growth due to increasing middle class population, competitive environment and the incentives from the government side. The paper is based on the latest statistics available in the government of India and International Telecom Union reports. It intends to discuss the global telecom scenario, the achievement of India in this sector, the growth-pattern of FDI, Mergers and Acquisitions, the changing landscape of telecom sector in terms of issues challenges and opportunities.
14 Apr 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors focus on transformation of existing silo based Telecom Network Management Systems (TMNS) into more integrated, interconnected and intelligent systems that can drive the industry to future.
Abstract: Power utility's communication networks is a critical infrastructure that carries important services. As more internal and external stakeholders are getting visible, the requirement of services have increased. Telecom Network Management Systems need be in line with the development of technologies and expansion of networks. Although utility's Telecom Network Management Systems (TMNS) have evolved since the last two decades, the recent changes in information ecosystem is so demanding that the utility's telecom services have significant impact on economics of power industry. This necessitates a technological and architectural shift in power utility's TNMS. This study focus on transformation of existing silo based TNMS systems into more integrated, interconnected and intelligent systems that can drive the industry to future. The study is based on several challenges and studies done by DEWA (Dubai Electricity and Water Authority) communication engineers with existing network management systems. The study concludes that it is recommended to shift to a new approach in order to cope with the network and technologies development
TL;DR: In this article , the authors analyzed the marketing strategies of Indian telecommunication services using structured questionnaire and collected data is presented in the form of graph, charts, tables and they are analyzed through statistical tools like Co-relation, Chi-square, and ANOVA.
Abstract: The Indian telecommunication services is one of the fastest growing in the world and India is expected to become the 2nd larg est telecom market in the world by 2023 and has turned into the second biggest after China. Telecom Sector has remarkable growth in India because large proportion of population does not have wireless connections. Marketing strategies are important for development and profitability of organizations as there is fierce battle for subscriber service providers This paper analyses the marketing strategies of Indian Telecom. Services in Tumkur, Karnataka,India. The responses are collected using structured questionnaire and the collected data is presented in the form of graph, charts, tables and they are analyzed through statistical tools like Co-relation, Chi-square, and ANOVA. Most of the customers are expecting quality in service, majority of the respondents are experienced call drops or network loss so telecom services need to overcome from that problem and telecom service provider should maintain quality in service. This paper specifies that differentiate their offerings and build enduring relationships with their consumers, which improves customer loyalty, it enables the business to differentiate their customers.
08 Apr 2022
TL;DR:
Abstract: With China’s economic transformation into a high-quality development stage, the importance of credit system construction has become increasingly prominent. The problems existing in the current telecom credit system include: (1) insufficient coverage of credit features; (2) traditional credit assessment models are difficult to reflect user credit status objectively, comprehensively and timely; (3) user demand for credit management and credit services are ignored. Due to these deficiencies, a new multi-level credit system is necessary to meet the rapid development of market economy. Telecom operators have large amount of precious data, with the advantages of large-scale, high-precision and data-diversity, which can provide new ideas for the construction of credit system. This work focuses on the current problems and conducts research as follows: design a Telecom Credit Assessment Model based on Boosting and Stacking ensemble techniques, called TCAMBS, to improve the evaluation accuracy, and to select the best model according to the experimental results. On the one hand, this work can promote the innovation of telecom credit assessment models and provide new ideas for the construction of the credit system. On the other hand, this work will also help telecom operations to improve the quality of telecom credit services.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined the impact of cyclones on the telecom industry in AP coastal zones during the last two decades, considering it to be the most vital of all infrastructure systems.
Abstract: Andhra Pradesh (AP) is one of the most vulnerable States in India to natural disasters such as cyclones, high rainfall and flooding. With a second-longest coastline of 975km, atleast one cyclone hits every year, mainly during October and November. Although the AP Government is taking preventive measures to reduce the loss of lives, the increase in economic loss due to the damage to critical infrastructure has become a point of worry. Power and telecom industries are interlinked; power loss or failure may disrupt the entire telecommunication network. This study examines the impact of cyclones on the telecom industry in AP coastal zones during the last two decades, considering it to be the most vital of all infrastructure systems. This study also discusses the measures that need to be taken by telecom service providers (TSPs) to build robust networks, provide redundancy during network element failures and resource management during network overload. To safeguard the people and assets, State Governments must ensure that their infrastructure systems conform to specific standards of quality and reliability. These standards should, however, be revised regularly and applied consistently.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors assessed the spatial distribution of telecom masts and customer hotspots for the major telecommunication networks in Ghana using geospatial techniques and found that most of the telecom mast were highly concentrated in Accra Metropolis.
Abstract: Geographical distribution of telecommunication masts, patronage, and provision of quality services, without unintended consequences, remain vital for telecommunication operators. The spatial distribution of telecommunication masts and services in Ghana are not uniformly distributed, resulting in the disparities of signal strengths in different locations. Bad signals directly or indirectly affect various forms of business transactions and communication activities. We assessed the spatial distribution of telecom masts and customer hotspots for the major telecommunication networks in Ghana using geospatial techniques. Findings revealed most of the telecom masts were highly concentrated in Accra Metropolis. Again, most of the enterprise business customers were clustered within the 4-km radii of sited masts. More investment is needed by telecommunication industries to boost patronage, particularly in La Dade Kotopon and Tema Metropolis. The area’s prospect of attracting more customers increases sustainability concerns of telecommunication masts availability, accessibility, environmental health and management risks, among key industrial players.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors reviewed the key aspects of this critical infrastructure, some of its major challenges and the latest Government initiatives and reviewed some of the key features of the critical infrastructure.
Abstract: Gone are the days when people had to wait for months and years at a time to get a personal telephone connection. Now just about anyone can get a mobile connection in a matter of minutes and start communicating with the world, that too at cheap prices. This has been made possible due to the tremendous growth of telecom facilities within the country. Behind this phenomenal success story of Indian telecom is the telecom tower industry which lies at the heart of telecom services. In this article we will review some of the key aspects of this critical infrastructure, some of its major challenges and the latest Government initiatives.
TL;DR: In this article , a study aimed at identifying the nature of effective strategies and their impacts on service organizations by applying to the Saudi Telecom Company was carried out, and the results showed that the study sample individuals agreed on one of the effective strategies of the STCs that they take in the study of marketing, which is "the ability to accurately understand the customer's needs".
Abstract: This study aimed at identify the nature of effective strategies and their impacts on service organizations by applying to the Saudi Telecom Company. The study followed the descriptive approach, and its sample consisted of (55) employees in Saudi Telecom, and it relied on the questionnaire as the main instrument. The results showed the following: 1) The study sample individuals strongly agreed on one of the effective strategies of the STCs that they take in the study of marketing, which is "the ability to accurately understand the customer's needs. 2) The study sample individuals agreed on six of the effective strategies of the Saudi telecom companies that they used in studying marketing, the most prominent of which were: planning marketing and promotional campaigns. 3) The study sample individuals agreed on ten of the marketing strategies taken by the Saudi Telecom Company to influence the customers' consumption decisions and their needs, the most prominent of which was the provision of Internet services in an advanced and synchronized manner. 4) The study sample individuals strongly agreed on three of the marketing strategies through modern means, the most prominent of which was that the company advertised its services through television channels and radio stations. 5) The study sample individuals agreed on two strategies of marketing through modern means at STC, the most important of which was the natural preparation of electronic catalogues for services or some devices. 6) The study sample individuals were neutral about one statement from the strategic plans axis in marketing operations at STC on studying market pricing, which was choosing a pricing policy for a limited number of clients. The study showed that there are no statistically significant differences at the level 0.05 or less in the attitudes of the study participants about (effective strategies of the Saudi Telecom Company) according to variables (age, job, qualification, and years of experience). Besides, it showed that there are no statistically significant differences at the level 0.05 or less in the attitudes of the study participants about (marketing strategies to influence the customers' consumption decisions and needs) according to variables (age, job, and qualification). In the light of the results, the study recommended the necessity of intensifying and studying marketing strategies with a degree of accuracy and aspiration to affect customers' consumption decisions and their needs.
TL;DR: In this paper , the evolution of Indian telecom infrastructure during the past few years and also discusses the industry readiness of India for 5G, along with network expansion, investment, recent developments in the sector and highlights the Government initiatives.
Abstract: The telecommunication industry in India is rapidly growing and witnessing many developments. India is moving towards accomplishing a $ 1 trillion economy by the end of 2025. By 2025, the telecom sector will emerge as top five employment opportunity generator in the country. This article traces the evolution of Indian telecom infrastructure during the past few years and also discusses the industry readiness of India for 5G, alongwith network expansion, investment, recent developments in the sector and highlights the Government initiatives.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors provide a snapshot on the recent developments of different telecom infrastructure components of India, including wireless and wireline, and provide a comparative analysis of the performance of different components.
Abstract: Telecommunications (or telecom) infrastructure means physical medium by which connectivity flows. Globally, India is in the second position in the telecom industry with 1.17 billion subscribers as of July, 2022 (wireless and wireline). The performance of the telecom industry depends on its infrastructural support. Adequate infrastructural support ensures better telecommunication services. In India, innovative developments in the telecom industry are clearly observed during the last few years. To understand the developments of telecom infrastructure, different components of telecom infrastructure have been considered in this study. Accordingly, it provides a snapshot on the recent developments of different telecom infrastructure components of India.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors studied the recent trends in the Indian telecommunication sector and provided a comprehensive knowledge on the recent developments in the sector and will help highlight the changes in the telecommunication industry.
Abstract: The telecommunication industry in India is rapidly growing and witnessing many developments. Globalisation has made telecommunication an integral part of the infrastructure of the Indian economy. India's telecommunication network is the second largest in the world based on the total number of telephone users (both fixed and mobile phone).It has gone through several transformations that has led to severe competition in the industry. This research studies the recent trends in the Indian telecommunication sector. The paper will provide a comprehensive knowledge on the recent developments in the sector and will help highlight the changes in the telecommunication industry. The study is based on secondary data. The paper describes the recent trends in Indian telecom sector.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors developed a model using five constructs: telecom network infrastructure, telecom provider marketing strategy, telecom network pricing policy, preference for buying, and customer satisfaction, and concluded that pricing and marketing, not telecom infrastructure, influence consumer preferences.
Abstract: The rapid growth and development of information technology has increased the competitiveness of the Indian telecom industry, leading to the intensification of competition in this industry. To evaluate telecom users customer satisfaction and preference for buying a particular network, researchers developed a model using five constructs: telecom network infrastructure, telecom provider marketing strategy, telecom network pricing policy, preference for buying, and customer satisfaction. The study concluded that pricing and marketing, not telecom infrastructure, influence consumer preferences. Infrastructure, not pricing, affects customer satisfaction in the telecom industry. Customer satisfaction can be affected by SIM preference. Airtel, BSNL, Vodafone Idea, and Jio have similar perceptions when compared.