33 К наиболее эффективным и часто ис6 пользуемым методам вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий (assisted reproductive technologies) относятся: экс6 тракорпоральное оплодотворение — ЭКО (in vitro fertilization — IVF) и инъек6 ция сперматозоида в цитоплазму яйце6 клетки — ИКСИ (intracytoplasmic sperm injection — ICSI). По данным Россий6 ской Ассоциации Репродукции Челове6 ка (РАРЧ) доля ЭКО и ИКСИ в общем числе циклов ВРТ в России составляет не менее 75%. В нашей стране экстракорпоральное оплодотворение применяется с 1986 г. По данным РАРЧ, в России в 2011 г. работали более 120 клиник ВРТ, что в 4 раза боль6 ше, чем в 2000 г. По числу выполненных циклов ВРТ в 2011 г. Россия занимает тре6 тье месте в мире (после Франции и Герма6 Особенности развития детей, зачатых при помощи вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий

Топонимия квебека: лингвокультурологический анализ

A pipeline burst or rupture causing a leak may significantly impact the environment and the reputation of the company operating the pipeline. In recent years, oil and gas pipelines are expected to be equipped with leak detection systems for monitoring the operations and detecting the leaks. Although the leak detection methods used today may not prevent leaks from happening, they play a crucial role in limiting the impact of leak. There is a wide variety of leak detection methods developed and tested. This paper reviews these methods, analyze their advantages and limitations. It ends by highlighting the opportunities for future work to improve reliability and adaptability of leak detection methods in subsea region. 

Review and analysis of pipeline leak detection methods

We present the demonstration of two novel chip-scale FMCW LiDAR optical engines in which all photonic components, including the laser sources, were integrated on single silicon chips. Using the first LiDAR chip design, with an integrated distributed Bragg reflector laser and grating couplers as input/output ports for the receive/transmit light, we demonstrated a maximum range of 28 m limited by transmit light output power of 2 mW. We further demonstrated a maximum range of 75 m using a second LiDAR chip architecture having an on-chip sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector master laser with integrated power amplifier in which the local oscillator light was obtained from the laser back facet. This maximum range can be further increased by improving the laser linewidth. The measured range dependence of the FMCW signal level for both LiDAR chips agreed well with theory. The chip-scale FMCW LiDAR optical engines can be used in conjunction with a variety of off-chip two dimensional beam scanners to realize a chip-scale scanning LiDAR solution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published demonstration of fully integrated FMCW LiDAR optical engines on a single silicon chip.

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Fully Integrated FMCW LiDAR Optical Engine on a Single Silicon Chip

Implementation of hybrid scanning system in wide and narrow angle fields provide high precision positioning of the laser beam in space, fraught with difficulties. Scanning attachment for SRS - lidar system has been developed to perform automated scanning of the test area in the angular field of ± 50. The module performs automated scan of the test area in the angular field of ± 50 on 50-100 m distance. Movement of the laser beam in a spiral occurs due to rotation in one direction wedges with different speeds, which speed is in the range of 50-200 Hz. The laser beam had a divergence of 1.5 mrad. Because the spatial resolution at the outer coils falls compared with the center spiral wedges speeds ratio increases from 0.8 to 0.97, respectively.

Highly accurate scanning attachment for SRS-lidar system

The possibilities of the Raman method of radiocarbon measurements in the field of gas analysis are investigated. With
the help of veneer gas mixtures of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide-12, carbon dioxide-13, methane, formaldehyde, the
micrometric characteristics of Raman lidars were found, which in most cases coincided with the claimed ones. When gas
mixtures are supplied, the diluent gas in which differs from air, the broadening of the spectral lines associated with the
interactions between the particles, the results, to significant errors in the measured concentration. These effects, which
negate the advantages of the measurement method, are investigated in the framework of this paper. The results of determining
the coefficients for correcting the readings of gas analyzers with the achievement of inaccuracies from various
diluent gases, as well as the data of the prototype Raman lidar.

SRS-lidar for 13C/12C isotops measurements environmental and food

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Experiments were carried out under the CARS circuit. Minimal concentrations of 200 ppb of heavy hydrocarbon gas have been remotely measured in laboratory tests. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection. As estimations have shown the reliability of heavy hydrocarbon gas detection by the integration method of seismic prospecting and remote laser sensing in CARS circuit can exceed 80%.

CARS technique for geological exploration of hydrocarbons deposits

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection. The lidar is based on the CARS method with a Ti:Sapphire pump laser and a frequencydoubled YLF:Nd probe beam whose frequency is displaced by a BBO crystal. In ground-based experiments, a detection level of 3 to 10 molecules has been reached.

Remote laser spectroscopy of oil and gas deposits

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection.

Hydrocarbon halo-laser spectroscopy for oil exploration needs

Remote laser spectroscopy availability for airborne search of the oil-and-gas deposits has been examined. Experiments were carried out under the CARS circuit. Minimal concentrations of heavy HG of 200 ppb are remotely measured in laboratory. As estimations have shown the reliability of heavy HG detection can exceed 80 % at the integration method of seismic prospecting and remote laser sensing in CARS circuit.

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Laser sensor for airborne prospecting method of oil & gas deposits

We have demonstrated airborne lidar possessing spectral resolution λ/Δλ ≥ 1000 Its ultraspectral resolution is provided by the dual polychromator based on large-sized stigmatic holographic gratings The lidar was tested in a real-life flight conditions at the transcontinental gas pipeline It has performed aero search of leaks and measurements of the leaked gas concentration

A. A. Il’inskiy

Papers

CARS technique for geological exploration of hydrocarbons deposits

Remote laser spectroscopy of oil and gas deposits

Hydrocarbon halo-laser spectroscopy for oil exploration needs

Laser sensor for airborne prospecting method of oil & gas deposits

Oil and gas deposits determination by ultraspectral lidar