33 К наиболее эффективным и часто ис6 пользуемым методам вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий (assisted reproductive technologies) относятся: экс6 тракорпоральное оплодотворение — ЭКО (in vitro fertilization — IVF) и инъек6 ция сперматозоида в цитоплазму яйце6 клетки — ИКСИ (intracytoplasmic sperm injection — ICSI). По данным Россий6 ской Ассоциации Репродукции Челове6 ка (РАРЧ) доля ЭКО и ИКСИ в общем числе циклов ВРТ в России составляет не менее 75%. В нашей стране экстракорпоральное оплодотворение применяется с 1986 г. По данным РАРЧ, в России в 2011 г. работали более 120 клиник ВРТ, что в 4 раза боль6 ше, чем в 2000 г. По числу выполненных циклов ВРТ в 2011 г. Россия занимает тре6 тье месте в мире (после Франции и Герма6 Особенности развития детей, зачатых при помощи вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий

Топонимия квебека: лингвокультурологический анализ

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Titanium In Medicine Material Science Surface Science Engineering Biological Responses And Medical Applications

This review discusses the importance of hyphenating different laser-based techniques such as Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy and Laser-Induced Fluorescence spectrosc...

Hybrid LIBS-Raman-LIF systems for multi-modal spectroscopic applications: a topical review

A pipeline burst or rupture causing a leak may significantly impact the environment and the reputation of the company operating the pipeline. In recent years, oil and gas pipelines are expected to be equipped with leak detection systems for monitoring the operations and detecting the leaks. Although the leak detection methods used today may not prevent leaks from happening, they play a crucial role in limiting the impact of leak. There is a wide variety of leak detection methods developed and tested. This paper reviews these methods, analyze their advantages and limitations. It ends by highlighting the opportunities for future work to improve reliability and adaptability of leak detection methods in subsea region. 

Review and analysis of pipeline leak detection methods

We present the demonstration of two novel chip-scale FMCW LiDAR optical engines in which all photonic components, including the laser sources, were integrated on single silicon chips. Using the first LiDAR chip design, with an integrated distributed Bragg reflector laser and grating couplers as input/output ports for the receive/transmit light, we demonstrated a maximum range of 28 m limited by transmit light output power of 2 mW. We further demonstrated a maximum range of 75 m using a second LiDAR chip architecture having an on-chip sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector master laser with integrated power amplifier in which the local oscillator light was obtained from the laser back facet. This maximum range can be further increased by improving the laser linewidth. The measured range dependence of the FMCW signal level for both LiDAR chips agreed well with theory. The chip-scale FMCW LiDAR optical engines can be used in conjunction with a variety of off-chip two dimensional beam scanners to realize a chip-scale scanning LiDAR solution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published demonstration of fully integrated FMCW LiDAR optical engines on a single silicon chip.

/pdf/fully-integrated-fmcw-lidar-optical-engine-on-a-single-3de3bt2k.pdf

Fully Integrated FMCW LiDAR Optical Engine on a Single Silicon Chip

Upgraded Raman Lidar with spectral resolution of dλ/λ≤10 have been design and elaborated for the aerosearch of leaks on the main gas pipelines. The sensing is carried out by 7ns pulses of DPSS laser with energy of 10 mJ at 300Hz frequency and wavelength of 261.7 nm. Polycromator have been implemented on base of the concave grating (N=1200 mm) and operates in 4th diffraction order. Lidar measures the leaks of CH4 with concentration of 2 ppm and above. Scanning in angles of ±30о and at frequency of 20 Hz allows to carry out measurements on inclined courses.

http://www.spsl.nsc.ru/FullText/konfe/LO2014_CD/R7.%20Lasers%20in%20Environmental%20Monitoring/0350_Kascheev.pdf

Upgraded raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Experiments were carried out under the CARS circuit. Minimal concentrations of 200 ppb of heavy hydrocarbon gas have been remotely measured in laboratory tests. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection. As estimations have shown the reliability of heavy hydrocarbon gas detection by the integration method of seismic prospecting and remote laser sensing in CARS circuit can exceed 80%.

CARS technique for geological exploration of hydrocarbons deposits

There are already significant amounts of hazardous radioactive substances in the world. It, potentially, leads to a major damage and contamination of large areas. Laser sensing can serve as a highly effective method of searching and monitoring of radioactive contamination. We developed a laser system to detect accidental leakage of radioactive materials. Methods of fluorescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy allow to detect a concentration of uranyl U235O2 and U238O2 at 500 ppb, and Sr90 and Cs137 at the level of 1 ppm at 100 m distance from the object.

Monitoring radioactive contamination by hyperspectral lidar

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection. The lidar is based on the CARS method with a Ti:Sapphire pump laser and a frequencydoubled YLF:Nd probe beam whose frequency is displaced by a BBO crystal. In ground-based experiments, a detection level of 3 to 10 molecules has been reached.

Remote laser spectroscopy of oil and gas deposits

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection.

S. V. Kascheev

Papers

Upgraded raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution

CARS technique for geological exploration of hydrocarbons deposits

Monitoring radioactive contamination by hyperspectral lidar

Remote laser spectroscopy of oil and gas deposits

Hydrocarbon halo-laser spectroscopy for oil exploration needs