Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms

Cutaneous adaptations to water balance in amphibians

A checklist of the Amphisbaenidae is presented. A total of 190 species are included, distributed in four families as follows: Amphisbaenidae (178 species in 18 genera), Bipedidae (3 species in 1 genus), Rhineuridae (1 species in 1 genus), and Trogonophidae (8 species in 4 genera). Additionally, a complete bibliography is included with the references published in this and the preceding centuries about Amphisbaenidae. Within references, information is offered about the species discussed in the papers, the kind of information presented, and further special notes.

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Checklist and bibliography of the amphisbaenia of the world

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the clinical biochemistry and hematology of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), and other rodents, including the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger), degu (Octodon degus), deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), dormouse (Gliridae family), kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spp.), cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), and sand rat (Psammomys obesus). The chapter begins with a review of sample collection and preparation, and a description of commonly measured parameters and analytical techniques. The reference values, sources of variation, and unique characteristics are then presented for each species, as available. Many variables affect the parameters of clinical biochemistry and hematology including methods of sample collection and preparation, equipment, reagents, and methods of analysis, as well as the age, sex, breed, and environment of the animals being sampled. Values obtained from a clinical case are usually compared with reference values that are either produced in the same laboratory or in a similar group of animals, or cited in the literature. Optimal sites for blood collection vary between laboratory animals and are described in this chapter for each species for which information is available. Total blood volume of the rabbit is discussed in the Hematology section of the chapter. The rabbit is recognized as a valuable model for human disturbances in lipid metabolism, such as the metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia leading to atherosclerosis. Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming organs, including the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases of the blood, bone marrow, and immunologic, hemostatic, and vascular systems. Hematologic analysis is often used for the diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases.

Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology

Checklist and bibliography of the Amphisbaenia of the world. Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 289

Morphology of the large granular alveoli of the parotoid glands in toad (Bufo ictericus) before and after compression

Comparative ultrastructure of maturing toad (Bufo ictericus) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) erythroid cells with regard to hemoglobin biosynthesis

The ultrastructure of the resting thrombocytes of the snake Waglerophis merremii and the process of ADP aggregation are studied. These thrombocytes are nucleate, ellipsoidal, and contain a marginal band. Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes are few. An open canalicular system, Golgi complex, granules resembling the alpha-granules in human platelets, and structures similar to secondary lysosomes are also present. The activation response of W. merremii thrombocytes to ADP is examined and compared to the morphological alterations in human platelets. The thrombocytes, normally ellipitical in shape, become spheroid with cytoplasmic protrusions, and adhere to one another. The open canalicular system undergoes dilation and the granules cluster at the centre of the thrombocytes. The release reaction of these granules occurs after stimulation by ADP, similar to what happens in human platelets. This similarity may suggest a process of evolutional specialization since thrombocytes in the majority of non-mammal vertebrates are not aggregated by ADP.

A. Brunner

Papers

Morphology of the large granular alveoli of the parotoid glands in toad (Bufo ictericus) before and after compression

Comparative ultrastructure of maturing toad (Bufo ictericus) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) erythroid cells with regard to hemoglobin biosynthesis

Ultrastructural alterations in thrombocytes of the snake Waglerophis merremii after Activation by ADP

Hemosomegenesis and hemoglobin biosynthesis in vertebrates.

A relative morphological evaluation of hemoglobin biosynthesis in peripheral blood reticulocytes of normal and anemic rabbits.