A. E. Hedin

TL;DR: In this paper, the MSIS-86 empirical model has been extended into the mesosphere and lower atmosphere to provide a single analytic model for calculating temperature and density profiles representative of the climatological average for various geophysical conditions.

TL;DR: The MSIS-86 empirical model of thermospheric temperature, density and composition as discussed by the authors uses new temperature and composition data from the Dynamics Explorer satellite to improve the representation of polar region morphology over that in theMSIS-83 model.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors combined ground-based incoherent scatter radar and Fabry-Perot optical interferometers to generate a revision (HWM90) of the HWM87 empirical model and extend its applicability to 100 km.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended the previous description of neutral parameters to the base of the thermosphere in a continuous manner while maintaining the basic structure of the MSIS model at higher altitudes.

TL;DR: In this article, mass spectrometers on five satellites (AE-B, Ogo 6, San Marco 3, Aeros A, and AE-C) and neutral temperatures inferred from incoherent scatter measurements at four ground stations are combined to produce a model of thermospheric neutral temperatures and nitrogen densities similar to the Ogo6 empirical model (Hedin et al., 1974).