Art : Art in which the subject matter has been simplified or distorted to the point that it may or may not be easily descended. Acrylic: Resin that, when mixed with water and pigment, forms an inorganic and quick drying medium. Acrylic paint therefore is a fast drying synthetic paint made from acrylic resin. Action Painting: The technique of dripping and splashing paint onto canvases stretched on the floor Aesthetic: Pertaining to the appreciation of the beautiful as opposed to the functional or utilitarian, and, by extention, to the appreciation of any form of art. Aesthetic value: The impact of a work of art on our senses, intellect, and emotions. Analogous colours:Pairs of colour such as yellow and orange, that are adjudscent to each other on the colour wheel. Acqatint : A print making process that includes etching and that permits broad areas of black and gray tones. Air brush: Atomizer operated by compressed air used for spraying on paint. Art Deco: A popular art and design style of the 1920s and 30s, and characterized by its intergration of organic and geometric forms. Art: The special expression of ideas, feelings and values in visual forms. Art criticism: A special concentrated way of looking at a piece of art with a purpose to recieve maximum enjoyment and meaning from it. Abstract Expressionism: A twentieth-century painting style in which artists applied paint freely to huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions rather than realistic subject matter.Expressionism: A twentieth-century painting style in which artists applied paint freely to huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions rather than realistic subject matter.

The Ministry of Education

This paper introduces the RWTH-PHOENIX-Weather 2014, a video-based, large vocabulary, German sign language corpus which has been extended over the last two years, tripling the size of the original corpus. The corpus contains weather forecasts simultaneously interpreted into sign language which were recorded from German public TV and manually annotated using glosses on the sentence level and semi-automatically transcribed spoken German extracted from the videos using the open-source speech recognition system RASR. Spatial annotations of the signers’ hands as well as shape and orientation annotations of the dominant hand have been added for more than 40k respectively 10k video frames creating one of the largest corpora allowing for quantitative evaluation of object tracking algorithms. Further, over 2k signs have been annotated using the SignWriting annotation system, focusing on the shape, orientation, movement as well as spatial contacts of both hands. Finally, extended recognition and translation setups are defined, and baseline results are presented.

/pdf/extensions-of-the-sign-language-recognition-and-translation-3ts30geier.pdf

Extensions of the Sign Language Recognition and Translation Corpus RWTH-PHOENIX-Weather

This paper describes the design, development and field evaluation of a machine translation system from Spanish to Spanish Sign Language (LSE: Lengua de Signos Espanola). The developed system focuses on helping Deaf people when they want to renew their Driver’s License. The system is made up of a speech recognizer (for decoding the spoken utterance into a word sequence), a natural language translator (for converting a word sequence into a sequence of signs belonging to the sign language), and a 3D avatar animation module (for playing back the signs). For the natural language translator, three technological approaches have been implemented and evaluated: an example-based strategy, a rule-based translation method and a statistical translator. For the final version, the implemented language translator combines all the alternatives into a hierarchical structure. This paper includes a detailed description of the field evaluation. This evaluation was carried out in the Local Traffic Office in Toledo involving real government employees and Deaf people. The evaluation includes objective measurements from the system and subjective information from questionnaires. The paper details the main problems found and a discussion on how to solve them (some of them specific for LSE).

/pdf/design-development-and-field-evaluation-of-a-spanish-into-3aefn3otjc.pdf

Design, development and field evaluation of a Spanish into sign language translation system

Sign languages represent an interesting niche for statistical machine translation that is typically hampered by the scarceness of suitable data, and most papers in this area apply only a few, well-known techniques that are not adapted to small-sized corpora. In this article, we analyze existing data collections and emphasize their quality and usability for statistical machine translation. We also offer findings in the proper preprocessing of a sign language corpus, by introducing sentence end markers, splitting compound words and handling parallel communication channels. Then, we focus on optimization procedures that are tailored to scarce resources, such as scaling factor optimization, alignment optimization and system combination. All methods are evaluated on two of the largest sign language corpora available.

Analysis, preparation, and optimization of statistical sign language machine translation

https://repositorio.inesctec.pt/bitstream/123456789/4067/1/P-00G-V3Y.pdf

Accessible Options for Deaf People in e-Learning Platforms: Technology Solutions for Sign Language Translation

http://www-gth.die.upm.es/research/documentation/AI-114Spo-09.pdf

Spoken Spanish generation from sign language

This paper describes the development of an Advanced Speech Communication System for Deaf People and its field evaluation in a real application domain: the renewal of Driver's License. The system is composed of two modules. The first one is a Spanish into Spanish Sign Language (LSE: Lengua de Signos Espanola) translation module made up of a speech recognizer, a natural language translator (for converting a word sequence into a sequence of signs), and a 3D avatar animation module (for playing back the signs). The second module is a Spoken Spanish generator from sign-writing composed of a visual interface (for specifying a sequence of signs), a language translator (for generating the sequence of words in Spanish), and finally, a text to speech converter. For language translation, the system integrates three technologies: an example-based strategy, a rule-based translation method and a statistical translator. This paper also includes a detailed description of the evaluation carried out in the Local Traffic Office in the city of Toledo (Spain) involving real government employees and deaf people. This evaluation includes objective measurements from the system and subjective information from questionnaires. Finally, the paper reports an analysis of the main problems and a discussion about possible solutions.

/pdf/evaluating-a-speech-communication-system-for-deaf-people-4n86i0wo12.pdf

A. García

Papers

Design, development and field evaluation of a Spanish into sign language translation system

Spoken Spanish generation from sign language

Evaluating a Speech Communication System for Deaf People