From the combination of knowledge and actions, someone can improve their skill and ability. It will lead them to live and work much better. This is why, the students, workers, or even employers should have reading habit for books. Any book will give certain knowledge to take all benefits. This is what this the interferon system tells you. It will add more knowledge of you to life and work better. Try it and prove it.

The Interferon System

NIH sponsored a meeting of medical and veterinary pathologists with mammary gland expertise in Annapolis in March 1999. Rapid development of mouse mammary models has accentuated the need for definitions of the mammary lesions in genetically engineered mice (GEM) and to assess their usefulness as models of human breast disease. The panel of nine pathologists independently reviewed material representing over 90% of the published systems. The GEM tumors were found to have: (1) phenotypes similar to those of non-GEM; (2) signature phenotypes specific to the transgene; and (3) some morphological similarities to the human disease. The current mouse mammary and human breast tumor classifications describe the majority of GEM lesions but unique morphologic lesions are found in many GEM. Since little information is available on the natural history of GEM lesions, a simple morphologic nomenclature is proposed that allows direct comparisons between models. Future progress requires rigorous application of guidelines covering pathologic examination of the mammary gland and the whole animal. Since the phenotype of the lesions is an essential component of their molecular pathology, funding agencies should adopt policies ensuring careful morphological evaluation of any funded research involving animal models. A pathologist should be part of each research team.

The mammary pathology of genetically engineered mice: the consensus report and recommendations from the Annapolis meeting{

Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types—small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications a...

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Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts.

Introduction of macromolecules into cultured mammalian cells by osmotic lysis of pinocytic vesicles.

We describe a simple method for loading exogenous macromolecules into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells adherent to tissue culture dishes. Culture medium was replaced with a thin layer of fluorescently labeled macromolecules, the cells were harvested from the substrate by scraping with a rubber policeman, transferred immediately to ice cold media, washed, and then replated for culture. We refer to the method as "scrape-loading." Viability of cells was 50-60% immediately after scrape-loading and was 90% for those cells remaining after 24 h of culture. About 40% of adherent, well-spread fibroblasts contained fluorescent molecules 18 h after scrape-loading of labeled dextrans, ovalbumin, or immunoglobulin-G. On average, 10(7) dextran molecules (70,000-mol wt) were incorporated into each fibroblast by scrape-loading in 10 mg/ml dextran. The extent of loading depended on the concentration and molecular weight of the dextrans used. A fluorescent analog of actin could also be loaded into fibroblasts where it labeled stress fibers. HeLa cells, a macrophage-like cell line, 1774A.1, and human neutrophils were all successfully loaded with dextran by scraping. The method of scrape-loading should be applicable to a broad range of adherent cell types, and useful for loading of diverse kinds of macromolecules.

https://rupress.org/jcb/article-pdf/98/4/1556/1077574/1556.pdf

A method for incorporating macromolecules into adherent cells.

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0014-5793%2874%2980122-5

Inhibition by interferon of SV40 tumor antigen formation in cells injected with SV40 cRNA transcribed in vitro

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0014-5793%2889%2980951-2

Biological activity of hemimethylated and single-stranded DNA after direct gene transfer into tobacco protoplasts

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0014-5793%2896%2900021-X

The SV40 T-antigen induces premature apoptotic mammary gland involution during late pregnancy in transgenic mice.

Mouse tissue culture cells were infected with different forms of Polyoma Virus (PV) DNA or virus DNA fragments by means of a microinjection technique and stained for PV-tumor (T) antigen and virus capsid (V) antigen 48 hr after injection.

A. Graessmann

Papers

Inhibition by interferon of SV40 tumor antigen formation in cells injected with SV40 cRNA transcribed in vitro

Biological activity of hemimethylated and single-stranded DNA after direct gene transfer into tobacco protoplasts

The SV40 T-antigen induces premature apoptotic mammary gland involution during late pregnancy in transgenic mice.

The biological activity of different forms of Polyoma Virus DNA and viral DNA fragments