다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Increases in biodiesel production have led to a surplus of crude glycerol, which represents a major bottleneck in the biodiesel production chain and has created new challenges to its sustainable use. Although there is a wide range of potential uses for crude glycerol, they are limited by its degree of purity, which affects its physical, chemical and biological properties. This paper presents a review and analysis of patents related to the use of glycerol in the period from 1993 to 2015, showing the quantity and diversity of work related to the search for alternatives to add value to glycerol. It was found that 85.7% of the filed patents fell into four categories of applications: 1) manufacture of chemical products; 2) production of polymer compounds; 3) production of biofuels and biogas; and 4) purification and use of glycerol. In this regard, the development of new technologies for the use of glycerol, without the need for traditional purification steps, are fundamental. This paper portrays the efforts that have been made in this direction and the obstacles that still have to be overcome.

Glycerol from biodiesel production: technological paths for sustainability.

The ever increasing industrial production of commodity and specialty chemicals inexorably depletes the finite primary fossil resources available on Earth. The forecast of population growth over the next 3 decades is a very strong incentive for the identification of alternative primary resources other than petro-based ones. In contrast with fossil resources, renewable biomass is a virtually inexhaustible reservoir of chemical building blocks. Shifting the current industrial paradigm from almost exclusively petro-based resources to alternative bio-based raw materials requires more than vibrant political messages; it requires a profound revision of the concepts and technologies on which industrial chemical processes rely. Only a small fraction of molecules extracted from biomass bears significant chemical and commercial potentials to be considered as ubiquitous chemical platforms upon which a new, bio-based industry can thrive. Owing to its inherent assets in terms of unique process experience, scalability, and reduced environmental footprint, flow chemistry arguably has a major role to play in this context. This review covers a selection of C2 to C6 bio-based chemical platforms with existing commercial markets including polyols (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, 1,4-butanediol, xylitol, and sorbitol), furanoids (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and carboxylic acids (lactic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, itaconic acid, and levulinic acid). The aim of this review is to illustrate the various aspects of upgrading bio-based platform molecules toward commodity or specialty chemicals using new process concepts that fall under the umbrella of continuous flow technology and that could change the future perspectives of biorefineries.

Continuous Flow Upgrading of Selected C2-C6 Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass.

http://chglib.icp.ac.ru/subjex/2015/pdf01/CoordChemRev-2013-257(3-4)732.pdf

Pyrazinecarboxylic acid and analogs: Highly efficient co-catalysts in the metal-complex-catalyzed oxidation of organic compounds

The projected growth of biodiesel world production has led to an increasing interest in finding new routes to valorize the large amount of glycerol produced linked to this biofuel obtaining process One of these routes is glycerol transformation in value added products such as oxygen fuel additives This review collects the latest advances in routes of glycerol valorization, considering the great majority of reactions with ketones and aldehydes, among other reactants In order to justify the interest in these processes, this work includes a discussion of the main effects on fuel properties and engine performance The characteristics that glycerol derivatives can provide to fuel blends, such as increasing in octane index, improving some cold flow properties or mitigating some negative aspects of other oxygenated compounds, such as environmental issues, flash point or gums formation will be exposed and discussed

Oxygenated fuel additives from glycerol valorization. Main production pathways and effects on fuel properties and engine performance: A critical review

Heterogeneous catalytic conversion of glycerol to oxygenated fuel additives

Recent data have been summarized on the production of ethers, acetals inclusive, from renewable raw materials and their application in various fields, in particular, as additives for fuels and lubricants.

Ethers and acetals, promising petrochemicals from renewable sources

The results of studies in the area of oxidative functionalization of hydrocarbons of the adamantane series over the last two decades have been summarized and oxidation, carbonylation, and carboxylation reactions involving oxidizing agents and catalysts of various types, possible reaction mechanisms, properties and promising directions of the use of the obtained products have been considered.

Oxidative functionalization of adamantanes (review)

Recent data on the detection of hydrocarbons with a diamond-like structure, diamondoids, in crude oils and other natural objects have been summarized, methods for their isolation and analysis have been considered, and their potential use has been discussed.

Petroleum nanodiamonds: New in diamondoid naphthenes

The etherification of glycerol with n-butyl alcohol at 140°C in the presence of sulfonated cation-exchange resins and zeolite catalysts in an autoclave reactor has been studied. It has been shown that styrene—divinylbenzene ion-exchange resins are effective catalysts for the production of glycerol n-butyl ethers: the glycerol conversion is about 98% with an n-butyl ether selectivity of about 88 mol % (140°C, 5 h, 5 wt % Amberlyst 36 catalyst, and 10 wt % glycerol in n-butanol). Zeolites Y and β in the H+ form exhibit comparable specific activity (glycerol conversion of no more than 25% under similar conditions) in combination with high selectivity for glycerol di-n-butyl ethers (up to 28%).

A. I. Nekhaev

Papers

Heterogeneous catalytic conversion of glycerol to oxygenated fuel additives

Ethers and acetals, promising petrochemicals from renewable sources

Oxidative functionalization of adamantanes (review)

Petroleum nanodiamonds: New in diamondoid naphthenes

Heterogeneous catalytic conversion of glycerol with n-butyl alcohol