Aquatic plants convert mean kinetic energy into turbulent kinetic energy at the scale of the plant stems and branches. This energy transfer, linked to wake generation, affects vegetative drag and turbulence intensity. Drawing on this physical link, a model is developed to describe the drag, turbulence and diffusion for flow through emergent vegetation which for the first time captures the relevant underlying physics, and covers the natural range of vegetation density and stem Reynolds' numbers. The model is supported by laboratory and field observations. In addition, this work extends the cylinder-based model for vegetative resistance by including the dependence of the drag coefficient, CD, on the stem population density, and introduces the importance of mechanical diffusion in vegetated flows.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/1998WR900069

Drag, turbulence, and diffusion in flow through emergent vegetation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the heat transfer and the hydraulic resistance of single tubes, and the banks of tubes of various arrangements in flows of gases and viscous liquids. The focus is on the important problems of the heat transfer and the hydraulic resistance of tubes, in particular with the heat transfer of single tubes, banks of tubes, and systems of tubes in crossflow. The chapter also highlights the influence of the physical properties of fluids on heat transfer. Extensive experimental data will be analyzed and will include investigations of banks of tubes of various arrangements, and a single tube in crossflow in the range of Prandtl number from 0.7 to 500 and that of Reynolds number from 1 to 2xl0 6 .

Heat Transfer from Tubes in Crossflow

Performance evaluation criteria for use of enhanced heat transfer surfaces in heat exchanger design

Metal foams as compact high performance heat exchangers

Second law analysis in heat transfer

This third edition is an update of the second edition published in 1964. New data and more modern theoretical solutions for flow in the simple geometries are included, although this edition does not differ radically from the second edition. It contains basic test data for eleven new surface configurations, including some of the very compact ceramic matrices. Al dimensions are given in both the English and the Systeme International (SI) system of units.

/pdf/compact-heat-exchangers-3c72517e82.pdf

A. L. London

Papers

Compact heat exchangers

Gas turbine plant heat exchangers : basic heat transfer and flow friction design data