Purpose Recent increases in incidence and survival of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States have been attributed to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, but empirical evidence is lacking. Patients and Methods HPV status was determined for all 271 oropharyngeal cancers (1984-2004) collected by the three population-based cancer registries in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Residual Tissue Repositories Program by using polymerase chain reaction and genotyping (Inno-LiPA), HPV16 viral load, and HPV16 mRNA expression. Trends in HPV prevalence across four calendar periods were estimated by using logistic regression. Observed HPV prevalence was reweighted to all oropharyngeal cancers within the cancer registries to account for nonrandom selection and to calculate incidence trends. Survival of HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients was compared by using Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression analyses. Results HPV prevalence in oropharyngeal cancers significantly increased over ...

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Human Papillomavirus and Rising Oropharyngeal Cancer Incidence in the United States

Several infectious agents are considered to be causes of cancer in humans. The fraction of the different types of cancer, and of all cancers worldwide and in different regions, has been estimated using several methods; primarily by reviewing the evidence for the strength of the association (relative risk) and the prevalence of infection in different world areas. The estimated total of infection-attributable cancer in the year 2002 is 1.9 million cases, or 17.8% of the global cancer burden. The principal agents are the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (5.5% of all cancer), the human papilloma viruses (5.2%), the hepatitis B and C viruses (4.9%), Epstein-Barr virus (1%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) together with the human herpes virus 8 (0.9%). Relatively less important causes of cancer are the schistosomes (0.1%), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (0.03%) and the liver flukes (0.02%). There would be 26.3% fewer cancers in developing countries (1.5 million cases per year) and 7.7% in developed countries (390,000 cases) if these infectious diseases were prevented. The attributable fraction at the specific sites varies from 100% of cervix cancers attributable to the papilloma viruses to a tiny proportion (0.4%) of liver cancers (worldwide) caused by liver flukes.

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The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002.

http://www.exodontia.info/files/Oral_Oncology_2009._Review._Global_epidemiology_of_oral_and_oro-pharyngeal_cancer.pdf

Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer

BACKGROUND Substantial molecular evidence suggests a role for human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of oropharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma, but epidemiologic data have been inconsistent. METHODS We performed a hospital-based, case-control study of 100 patients with newly diagnosed oropharyngeal cancer and 200 control patients without cancer to evaluate associations between HPV infection and oropharyngeal cancer. Multivariate logistic-regression models were used for case-control comparisons. RESULTS A high lifetime number of vaginal-sex partners (26 or more) was associated with oropharyngeal cancer (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 6.5), as was a high lifetime number of oral-sex partners (6 or more) (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3 to 8.8). The degree of association increased with the number of vaginal-sex and oral-sex partners (P values for trend, 0.002 and 0.009, respectively). Oropharyngeal cancer was significantly associated with oral HPV type 16 (HPV-16) infection (odds ratio, 14.6; 95% CI, 6.3 to 36.6), oral infection with any of 37 types of HPV (odds ratio, 12.3; 95% CI, 5.4 to 26.4), and seropositivity for the HPV-16 L1 capsid protein (odds ratio, 32.2; 95% CI, 14.6 to 71.3). HPV-16 DNA was detected in 72% (95% CI, 62 to 81) of 100 paraffin-embedded tumor specimens, and 64% of patients with cancer were seropositive for the HPV-16 oncoprotein E6, E7, or both. HPV-16 L1 seropositivity was highly associated with oropharyngeal cancer among subjects with a history of heavy tobacco and alcohol use (odds ratio, 19.4; 95% CI, 3.3 to 113.9) and among those without such a history (odds ratio, 33.6; 95% CI, 13.3 to 84.8). The association was similarly increased among subjects with oral HPV-16 infection, regardless of their tobacco and alcohol use. By contrast, tobacco and alcohol use increased the association with oropharyngeal cancer primarily among subjects without exposure to HPV-16. CONCLUSIONS Oral HPV infection is strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancer among subjects with or without the established risk factors of tobacco and alcohol use.

/pdf/case-control-study-of-human-papillomavirus-and-oropharyngeal-4o7u6s6gie.pdf

Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer.

Background The improved prognosis for patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) – positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) relative to HPV-negative HNSCC observed in retrospective analyses remains to be confirmed in a prospective clinical trial. Methods We prospectively evaluated the association of tumor HPV status with therapeutic response and survival among 96 patients with stage III or IV HNSCC of the oropharynx or larynx who participated in an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) phase II trial and who received two cycles of induction chemotherapy with intravenous paclitaxel and carboplatin followed by concomitant weekly intravenous paclitaxel and standard fractionation radiation therapy. The presence or absence of HPV oncogenic types in tumors was determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization. Two-year overall and progression-free survival for HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients were estimated by Kaplan – Meier analysis. The relative hazard of mortality and progression for HPV-positive vs HPV-negative patients after adjustment for age, ECOG performance status, stage, and other covariables was estimated by use of a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Genomic DNA of oncogenic HPV types 16, 33, or 35 was located within tumor cell nuclei of 40% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30% to 50%) of patients with HNSCC of the oropharynx or larynx by in situ hybridization and PCR. Compared with patients with HPV-negative tumors, patients with HPV-positive tumors had higher response rates after induction chemotherapy (82% vs 55%, difference = 27%, 95% CI = 9.3% to 44.7%, P = .01) and after chemoradiation treatment (84% vs 57%, difference = 27%, 95% CI = 9.7% to 44.3%, P = .007). After a median follow-up of 39.1 months, patients with HPV-positive tumors had improved overall survival (2-year overall survival = 95% [95% CI = 87% to 100%] vs 62% [95% CI = 49% to 74%], difference = 33%, 95% CI = 18.6% to 47.4%, P = .005, log-rank test) and, after adjustment for age, tumor stage, and ECOG performance status, lower risks of progression (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.75), and death from any cause (HR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.15 to 0.85) than those with HPV-negative tumors. Conclusion For patients with HNSCC of the oropharynx, tumor HPV status is strongly associated with therapeutic response and survival.

Improved Survival of Patients With Human Papillomavirus–Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Prospective Clinical Trial

Abstract The spreading of sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants and various industries arouses the growing interest due to the contamination by trace elements. Sludges were collected from one sewage treatment plant and two industries in Dhaka City, Bangladesh to assess physicochemical parameters and total and fraction content of trace elements like Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, Fe, Mn and Zn in sludges. We evaluated the bioavailability of theses metals by determining their speciation by sequential extraction, each metal being distributed among five fractions: exchangeable fraction, bound to carbonate fraction, Fe-Mn oxide bound fraction, organic matter bound fraction and residual fractions. We found that all the analyzed sludges had satisfactory properties from an agronomic quality point of view. The average concentration (mg/kg) of trace metals in sludge samples were in the following decreasing order Fe (12807) > Cr (200) > Mn (158) > Zn (132) > Cu (68.2) > Ni (42.5) > Pb (36.4) > As (35.1) > Cd (3.7). The results of the sequential extraction showed that Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe and Mn were largely associated with the residual fraction where As, Cd and Pb was dominantly associated with the exchangeable and carbonate bound fractions and Zn showed a considerable proportion in carbonate bound fraction. These results showed that regulations must take into account the bioavailability with regard to the characteristics of the agricultural soils on which sludge will be spread.

Trace element speciation in sludge: a preliminary study to assess contamination levels in the sewage network

The development of a simple, inexpensive, sensitive, and selective spectrofluorometric assay method for taurine in energy drinks utilizing 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole as a fluorogenic agent is described. Conditions affecting the derivatization reaction are investigated and optimized. The optimal conditions are found to be as follows: buffer, pH 10; 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazoleconcentration, 0.05%; reaction time, 30 min; temperature, 50 °C. Fluorescence measurements are carried out at a wavelength of 542 nm, with excitation at a wavelength of 485 nm. The method is validated under the optimum conditions. The method is found to be linear in the range of 2.0–12.5 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9993. The limits of detection and quantification (µg/mL) are 0.6 and 2.02, respectively, which are appropriate for taurine assays in commercial energy drinks. In addition, the proposed method recorded excellent accuracy since the recovery values caused by presence of excipients are found to be in the range of 99.3%–102.87%. The values of relative standard deviation for intra- and inter-day precision were found to be in the ranges of 0.236%–0.659% and 2.12%–2.63%, respectively.

https://doi.org/10.1177/17475198221114760

Utilization of 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) as a fluorogenic reagent for the development of a spectrofluorometric assay method for taurine in energy drinks

A review on toxic metal pollution and source-oriented risk apportionment in road dust of a highly polluted megacity in Bangladesh

Managing the invisible threat of microplastics in marine ecosystems: Lessons from coast of the Bay of Bengal.

Summary A case of mycetoma of the mandibular region caused by Actinomadura madurae is presented. Diagnostic procedures and rationale for treatment are discussed. In tropical and subtropical areas where mycetoma is endemic it should be included in the differential diagnosis of tumours of the facio-maxillary region.

A.M. Idris

Papers

Trace element speciation in sludge: a preliminary study to assess contamination levels in the sewage network

Utilization of 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) as a fluorogenic reagent for the development of a spectrofluorometric assay method for taurine in energy drinks

A review on toxic metal pollution and source-oriented risk apportionment in road dust of a highly polluted megacity in Bangladesh

Managing the invisible threat of microplastics in marine ecosystems: Lessons from coast of the Bay of Bengal.

Actinomycetoma of the mandibular region causing ankylosis.