The origin of plant cell and tissue culture can be found in a treatise published during the mid-18th century, entitled La Physique des Arbes, that describes the formation of callus tissue following the for mation of a ring of cortex from elm trees. Over the next two centuries, the discovery of plant growth hormones, in particular auxins and cytokinins, and detailed analyses on the nutritional requirements of plants, led to the formulation of media that could maintain actively dividing cultures derived from gymnosperms, and both dicotyledon ous and monocotyledonous angiosperms. However, much of the prog ress and technological development in the in vitro propagation of plant cells, tissues, and organs has occurred during the last 25 years. Recently, plant tissue culture techniques have been used as basic tools in the rapidly expanding field of plant biotechnology for the development and clonal propagation of new and/or improved plant varieties. Plant tissue culture is used for the micropropagation of commercially valuable cultivars that include ornamentals, oil palm, Glycyrrhiza, Pyrethrum, pine, Eucalyptus, sugar cane, and potatoes. Cultured plant tissue is also used for the selection of cells and, ul timately, the regeneration of plants that are tolerant to physical stresses such as pathogens, drought, and temperature extremes, and to chemical stress agents such as salinity, herbicides, proteins, and pyrethrins. In addition, new plants have been produced by the fusion of protoplasts prepared from cultured cells of different species in cluding sunflower and french bean, tomato and potato, and various cultivars of Datura. Finally, bacterial vectors and various mechanical methods have been used to introduce foreign genes into cultured plant tissues. Genetic transformation can result in profound changes in the phenotype and/or biochemical profile of the regenerated trans genic plants that are not characteristic of the wild type. An impressive variety of technologies in tissue culture, genetic manipulation, and molecular biology have been developed for nu merous plant species. Many of these techniques, sometimes referred to as plant biotechnology, have been extensively summarized and compiled in a well-balanced collection of easy-to-follow protocols presented in three separate, but complimentary, volumes. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture consists of 22 chapters (with 86 figures) and 5 appendices. The chapters cover critical aspects of (a) the es sential requirements for the operation of a plant tissue culture lab oratory; (b) the basic procedures of micropropagation, regeneration, and somatic embryogenesis; (c) some specific applications of organ culture systems such as embryo rescue and culture, and anther and microspore culture for haploid and double haploid production; (d) elementary transformation technology; and (e) useful microtechnique and analytical protocols specifically adapted to cultured tissues and cells. The appendices provide a convenient summary of media for mulations and commercial suppliers for the materials described in the text.

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Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of concentration of different growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) on growth and development of banana shoot tips cultured in vitro. Explants were taken from young suckers of field grown plants of var. “Yangambi”. The shoot tips were cultured on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg/l) with or without IAA at concentration of 0.34 mg/l. At the rooting phase, the media was supplemented with different concentrations of IBA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l) with or without BAP at concentration of 0.2 mg/l. The results indicated that 6.0 mg/l BAP significantly increased the number of shoots formed and the interaction of 6 mg/l BAP with 0.35 mg/l IAA significantly increased the fresh weight. For rooting, 2.0 mg/l IBA was more efficient in number and length of roots produced than all other treatments.

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The Effects of Auxins and Cytokinin on Growth and Development of (Musa sp.) Var. “Yangambi” Explants in Tissue Culture

Plant biotechnology is a great tool in several fields of human life such as medicine, pharmacology, agriculture, biomass, and biofuels. The use of nanotechnology represent and improvement in plant tissue culture that is a technique mostly used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation with different stages. In this chapter tissue culture in modern agriculture and the use of nanomaterials for genetic transformation of plants; nanosilver as antimicrobial agent; nanomaterials for callus induction, organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis; and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to remove bacterial contaminants will be discussed.

Nanotechnology and Plant Tissue Culture

The present attempt aimed to optimize micropropagation protocols supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0, 2, 4, 6 mg L-1) and indole acetic acid (IAA) (0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1). Exotic banana (Musa spp) genotypes GCTCV-215 (AAA), ‘Yangambi’ Yangambi Km-5 (AAA) and FHIA-23 (AAAA) were used in research work. Experiments were conducted at Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tando Jam. Data collected for in vitro shoot consists of the following parameters: days for bud initiation, rate of shoot proliferation (%), number of multiple shoots, shoot length (cm) and fresh mass of shoot (g). Significant (p≤ 0.05) variations were observed for varieties, treatments and varieties x treatment for all the parameters. Synergistic effects of BAP and IAA were observed in GCTCV-215 and Yangambi Km-5. Out of various treatments, best concentration for multiple shoot in short period of time for GCTCV-215 and Yangambi Km-5 was found in 4.0 mg /l BAP + 0.5 mg L-1 IAA. Maximum fresh mass of shoot observed at same concentration and combination of BAP and IAA and for shoot length combination of 4.0 mg L-1 BAP with 1.0 mg L-1 IAA was found to be most suitable for GCTCV-215 and Yangambi Km-5. FHIA-23, show better performance in MS medium supplemented with only BAP at concentration 4.0 mg/L-1. After development of root, in vitro plantlets were shifted from growth room to green house in polythene bags containing garden soil and humus mixture in ratio (1:1).

	 

	Key words: Micropropagation efficiency, exotic musa genotype, growth regulators.

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Optimization of in vitro multiplication for exotic banana ( Musa spp.) in Pakistan

The aim of this study was to observe responses of two banana cultivars ‘Ambon’ and ‘Raja Bulu’ on different BA concentrations and effects of different media and fertilizer on survival and growth of plantlets.  Sterilized explants were cultured on initiation medium (MS with 1mg L -1 BA) for 4 weeks, then subjected to media MS with 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 mg L -1 BA. Numbers of shoot buds, shoots and propagules were recorded after 4 consecutive passages with 4 weeks intervals.  Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in three different media, then treated with or without NPK (32:10:10) fertilizer solution once a week. After 2 months, the survival and growth of plantlets were recorded. Cultures of banana ‘Ambon Kuning’ showed higher regenerative capacity compared to ‘Raja Bulu’, producing higher numbers of shoot buds, shoots and propagules. The best medium for propagule proliferation of both banana cultivars was MS+5 mg L -1 BA, producing 40.7 propagules for ‘Ambon Kuning’, and 12.3 propagules for ‘Raja Bulu’ per explant. In all acclimatization media tested, 100% of plantlet survival was achieved. The best plantlet growth was found in sand: compost (1:1,v/v) with application of NPK solutions. The in vitro -derived plants were planted in the field and produced fruits of high quality.

https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/438/472

IN VITRO SHOOT REGENERATION OF INDONESIAN BANANAS (Musa spp.) cv. AMBON KUNING AND RAJA BULU, PLANTLET ACCLIMATIZATIONAND FIELD PERFORMANCE

The present study was to investigate the best plant growth regulators for shoot proliferation and multiplication; and to determine the optimum concentrations of phytohormones for shoot tip culture of banana cv. Agishwar by observing the effect of different culture conditions during induction. A micro- propagation protocol for banana ( Musa sp.) cv. Agnishwar was established by using shoot tip culture. Shoot tips obtained by removing leaf sheaths from sucker were cultured aseptically in MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokines viz. 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (kin), N 6 - (2-isopentyl) adenine (2iP) for multiplication of shoot and auxins viz. Indole-3- butyric acid (IBA), α α α α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) for induction of root. Maximum multiplication (95%) was obtained in MS medium containing 4.0 mg/1 BAP. The highest average number of shoots for each explant (5.9) was found in MS medium fortified with 4.0 mg/l BAP while maximum elongation of shoot (4.9cm) was observed in MS medium having 5.0 mg/l BAP. IBA at a concentration of 1.0 mg/l was found most suitable for rooting of shoot. The rooted shoots were acclimatized and successfully transferred to plastic pots. After hardening, they were transferred to the main field and the survival rate was around 90%.This protocol might be used for the massive in vitro production of the plantlets of banana cv. Agnishwar.

A. N. K. Mamun

Papers

Micro propagation of banana ( Musa sp.) cv. Agnishwar by In vitro shoot tip culture