The origin of plant cell and tissue culture can be found in a treatise published during the mid-18th century, entitled La Physique des Arbes, that describes the formation of callus tissue following the for mation of a ring of cortex from elm trees. Over the next two centuries, the discovery of plant growth hormones, in particular auxins and cytokinins, and detailed analyses on the nutritional requirements of plants, led to the formulation of media that could maintain actively dividing cultures derived from gymnosperms, and both dicotyledon ous and monocotyledonous angiosperms. However, much of the prog ress and technological development in the in vitro propagation of plant cells, tissues, and organs has occurred during the last 25 years. Recently, plant tissue culture techniques have been used as basic tools in the rapidly expanding field of plant biotechnology for the development and clonal propagation of new and/or improved plant varieties. Plant tissue culture is used for the micropropagation of commercially valuable cultivars that include ornamentals, oil palm, Glycyrrhiza, Pyrethrum, pine, Eucalyptus, sugar cane, and potatoes. Cultured plant tissue is also used for the selection of cells and, ul timately, the regeneration of plants that are tolerant to physical stresses such as pathogens, drought, and temperature extremes, and to chemical stress agents such as salinity, herbicides, proteins, and pyrethrins. In addition, new plants have been produced by the fusion of protoplasts prepared from cultured cells of different species in cluding sunflower and french bean, tomato and potato, and various cultivars of Datura. Finally, bacterial vectors and various mechanical methods have been used to introduce foreign genes into cultured plant tissues. Genetic transformation can result in profound changes in the phenotype and/or biochemical profile of the regenerated trans genic plants that are not characteristic of the wild type. An impressive variety of technologies in tissue culture, genetic manipulation, and molecular biology have been developed for nu merous plant species. Many of these techniques, sometimes referred to as plant biotechnology, have been extensively summarized and compiled in a well-balanced collection of easy-to-follow protocols presented in three separate, but complimentary, volumes. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture consists of 22 chapters (with 86 figures) and 5 appendices. The chapters cover critical aspects of (a) the es sential requirements for the operation of a plant tissue culture lab oratory; (b) the basic procedures of micropropagation, regeneration, and somatic embryogenesis; (c) some specific applications of organ culture systems such as embryo rescue and culture, and anther and microspore culture for haploid and double haploid production; (d) elementary transformation technology; and (e) useful microtechnique and analytical protocols specifically adapted to cultured tissues and cells. The appendices provide a convenient summary of media for mulations and commercial suppliers for the materials described in the text.

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Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of concentration of different growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) on growth and development of banana shoot tips cultured in vitro. Explants were taken from young suckers of field grown plants of var. “Yangambi”. The shoot tips were cultured on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg/l) with or without IAA at concentration of 0.34 mg/l. At the rooting phase, the media was supplemented with different concentrations of IBA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l) with or without BAP at concentration of 0.2 mg/l. The results indicated that 6.0 mg/l BAP significantly increased the number of shoots formed and the interaction of 6 mg/l BAP with 0.35 mg/l IAA significantly increased the fresh weight. For rooting, 2.0 mg/l IBA was more efficient in number and length of roots produced than all other treatments.

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The Effects of Auxins and Cytokinin on Growth and Development of (Musa sp.) Var. “Yangambi” Explants in Tissue Culture

In vitro propagation has played a key role for obtaining large numbers of virus free, homogenous plants, and for breeding of plantains and bananas (Musa spp.). Explant sources utilized for banana micropropagation include suckers, shoot tips, and floral buds. The present study employed male floral meristems as explant material for micropropagation of hill banana ecotypes (AAB) ‘Virupakshi’ and ‘Sirumalai.’ Immature male floral buds were collected from healthy plants from hill banana growing areas. Exposure of explants to ethyl alcohol (70%, v/v) for 30 s, then mercuric chloride (0.1%, w/v) for 30 s, followed by three independent rinses of 5 min each in autoclaved, double-distilled water satisfactorily reduced the contamination. Male floral bud explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with different combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), coconut water, naphthaleneacetic acid, gibberellic acid, and additional supplements. MS medium supplemented with 5 mg l−1 BAP and coconut water (15%) was the most efficient media for shoot initiation and multiple shoot formation (15 shoots from a single part of a floral bud). The best response for shoot elongation was obtained using the combination of basal MS, 5 mg l−1 BAP, 1 mg l−1 naphthaleneacetic acid and 1.5 mg l−1 gibberellic acid. Regenerated shoots were rooted in basal MS medium within 15–20 d. The rooted plantlets were transferred to a soil mixture and maintained at a temperature of 25 ± 2°C for 10 d and then at room temperature (30–32°C) for 2 wk, before transferring to a greenhouse. The regenerated plantlets showed 100% survival.

An efficient protocol for large-scale plantlet production from male floral meristems of Musa spp. cultivars Virupakshi and Sirumalai

Bananas and plantains (Musa L. species) have medicinal applications against diseases such as hypoglycemia, hypertension, and neurological disorders, especially Alzheimer’s disease. The demand for these plants is growing very fast, resulting in a relatively heavy load on Musaceae genetic resources. The study evaluated and compared the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and antioxidant activity of field and in vitro plant materials of nine accessions of Musa spp. consisting of Tropical Musa banana (TMb: TMb 106, TMb 145, TMb 8, TMb 82, TMb 55) and Tropical Musa plantain (TMp: TMp 116, TMp 24, TMp 36) from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Musa sapientum (MS) from the University of Ibadan Botanical garden, Nigeria. Musa accessions were estimated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.18 mg/L indole acetic acid (IAA) and 4.5 mg/L benzyl amino purine (BAP). The in vitro grown accessions behaved differently with TMb 8 having the highest average shoot length of 5.03 ± 0.66 cm, and average number of leaves of 5.65 ± 0.38 cm at the end of 6 weeks. Leaf extracts provide more quantity of phenolics, flavonoids and higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity than the fruit extracts. The AChEI activity of the field plants ranged from 60.54 ± 0.54 to 98.46 ± 0.09 % and in vitro plants from 61.88 ± 0.11 to 76.60 ± 0.34 % at 200 µg/mL. Crude methanol extract (CME) of the in vitro plants showed higher DPPH antioxidant activity than the field plants with IC50 (extract concentration providing 50 % inhibition) values ranging from 9.57 ± 0.24 to 48.37 ± 0.62 µg/mL compared with CME of the field samples, which had IC50 ranging from 75.86 ± 1.76 to 162.20 ± 3.77 µg/mL. Plant tissue culture can be a reliable alternative cultivation method for mass propagation and conservation of Musa species for the production of antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase metabolites.

Antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of field and in vitro grown Musa L. species

Plant biotechnology is a great tool in several fields of human life such as medicine, pharmacology, agriculture, biomass, and biofuels. The use of nanotechnology represent and improvement in plant tissue culture that is a technique mostly used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation with different stages. In this chapter tissue culture in modern agriculture and the use of nanomaterials for genetic transformation of plants; nanosilver as antimicrobial agent; nanomaterials for callus induction, organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis; and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to remove bacterial contaminants will be discussed.

Nanotechnology and Plant Tissue Culture

The present study was to investigate the best plant growth regulators for shoot proliferation and multiplication; and to determine the optimum concentrations of phytohormones for shoot tip culture of banana cv. Agishwar by observing the effect of different culture conditions during induction. A micro- propagation protocol for banana ( Musa sp.) cv. Agnishwar was established by using shoot tip culture. Shoot tips obtained by removing leaf sheaths from sucker were cultured aseptically in MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokines viz. 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (kin), N 6 - (2-isopentyl) adenine (2iP) for multiplication of shoot and auxins viz. Indole-3- butyric acid (IBA), α α α α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) for induction of root. Maximum multiplication (95%) was obtained in MS medium containing 4.0 mg/1 BAP. The highest average number of shoots for each explant (5.9) was found in MS medium fortified with 4.0 mg/l BAP while maximum elongation of shoot (4.9cm) was observed in MS medium having 5.0 mg/l BAP. IBA at a concentration of 1.0 mg/l was found most suitable for rooting of shoot. The rooted shoots were acclimatized and successfully transferred to plastic pots. After hardening, they were transferred to the main field and the survival rate was around 90%.This protocol might be used for the massive in vitro production of the plantlets of banana cv. Agnishwar.

Micro propagation of banana ( Musa sp.) cv. Agnishwar by In vitro shoot tip culture

The present study was conducted at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur during the period from September 2004 to June 2005 to investigate the effect of different concentrations of BAP and NAA on virus free plant regeneration, shoot multiplication and different concentrations of IBA and IAA on in vitro root formation of banana cv. BARI Banana-I. The culture meristem first turned brown in colour in 4-5 days which grew into a green globular hard coat mass after 30-35 days. From this ball like structure, adventitious plantlets were developed. Among the different concentrations, 7.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA showed highest shoot proliferation of 0.75, 2.75 and 6.25 shoots per explant at 10, 20 and 30 DAI, respectively. The longest shoot (1.03, 2.45 and 3.38 cm) at 10, 20 and 30 DAI, respectively, was produced by the treatment combination of 7.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA. The maximum number of leaves (2.50, 3.25 and 7.00 leaves/explant at 10, 20 and 30 DAI) were produced on the medium supplemented with the same treatment and it also produced the longest leaves, 0.85, 2.70 and 4.23 cm at 10, 20 and 30 DAI, respectively. For root initiation half strength MS medium supplemented with different levels of IBA (0, 0.5, 1 .0 and 1.50 mg/l) and IAA (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l) was used. Root numbers varied with different concentrations of IBA and IAA. The highest number of roots were produced by 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.5 mg/l IBA. The highest length (2.93, 4.63 and 5.88 cm) was recorded at 10, 20 and 30 DAI in the same treatment which was statistically significant. Meristem derived plantlets were transferred to poly bags containing 1:1 (ground soil : cowdung) mixture after 7 days hardening in room temperature (28-30°C) and established plantlet was ready for planting. Key Words: Banana; regeneration; micropropagation; plantlet.  DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5840 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 645-659, December 2009

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In vitro micropropagation of banana

The growth in agricultural production has resulted in an increase in contaminants that pollute water ways and soil. The present study was done to analyze the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of drinking water in tobacco cultivating and food grain cultivating areas of Kushtia region in Bangladesh. The study was performed during the months of April to June, 2011. A total of 80 drinking water samples were collected from tobacco and food grain producing families in Kushtia District. The samples were collected in high density 1 L PVC bottles and brought to the laboratory within 2 h of collection. All the samples were tested for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Microbial contamination using multiple tube method to determine most probable number (MPN) of microorganisms was done by standard procedure. The study shows that the summation of microorganisms per 100 ml of drinking water from tobacco and food grain farming families was observed to be 4878 and 1860 respectively. Microbial contamination free drinking water was more obtainable in food grain cultivating area than from tobacco dominant region. Further research may be significant to isolate and characterize the microorganisms dominating in the tobacco region.
				
					           
				
					Key words: Drinking water, most probable number, tobacco cultivation, Kushtia.

https://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380732448_Moniruzzaman et al.pdf

Sazedur Rahman

Papers

Micro propagation of banana ( Musa sp.) cv. Agnishwar by In vitro shoot tip culture

In vitro micropropagation of banana

Bacteriological and physico-chemical analysis of drinking water in tobacco and food grain cultivating areas of Bangladesh