THIS text-book of pharmacognosy has already found wide recognition among teachers and students of pharmacy. Its subject matter has grown from a laboratory manual intended for use in practical classes, and now comprises the requirements for the Chemist and Druggist Qualifying Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. A Textbook of Pharmacognosy By T. C. Denston. Fourth edition. Pp. xviii + 594. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., 1945.) 27s. 6d. net.

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A Textbook of Pharmacognosy

Mushroom nutraceuticals for improved nutrition and better human health: A review

Multi-functional application of Moringa oleifera Lam. in nutrition and animal food products: A review.

Chemical composition, fatty acid content and antioxidant potential of meat from goats supplemented with Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves, sunflower cake and grass hay

Numerous efforts to date have been implemented in the control of avian coccidiosis caused by the Eimeria parasite. Since the appearance of anticoccidial chemical compounds, the search for new alternatives continues. Today, no product is available to cope with the disease; however, the number of products commercially available is constantly increasing. In this review, we focus on natural products and their anticoccidial activity. This group comprises fatty acids, antioxidants, fungal and herbal extracts, and immune response modulators with proven anticoccidial activity, many of which exist as dietary supplements. Additionally, we offer an overview of the poultry industry and the economic cost of coccidiosis as well as the classical strategies used to control the disease.

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Control of avian coccidiosis: future and present natural alternatives.

The leaves of Moringa oleifera were harvested from Lafia in Nasarawa State of Nigeria during the rainy season in June 2011 for proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis. The results of proximate analysis revealed the presence of high crude protein (17.01% plus minus 0.1) and carbohydrate (63.11% plus minus 0.09). The leaves also contained appreciable amounts of crude fibre (7.09% plus minus 0.11), ash (7.93% plus minus 0.12), crude fat (2.11% plus minus 0.11) and fatty acid (1.69% plus minus 0.09). The total ash content showed it contained minerals, Ca (1.91% plus minus 0.08), K (0.97% plus minus 0.01), Na (192.95 plus minus 4.4), Fe (107.48 plus minus 8.2), Mn (81.65 plus minus 2.31), Zn (60.06 plus minus 0.3) and P (30.15 plus minus 0.5) parts per million (ppm). Magnesium (0.38% plus minus 0.01) and copper (6.10 plus minus 0.19) were the least. The results of phytochemical analysis and anti-nutrients showed presence of tannins (21.19% plus minus 0.25), phytates (2.57% plus minus 0.13), trypsin inhibitors (3.0% plus minus 0.04), saponins (1.60% plus minus 0.05), oxalates (0.45% plus minus 0.01) and cyanide content (0.1% plus minus 0.01). The presence of these essential nutrients and minerals implies Moringa oleifera leaves from Lafia, Nasarawa State could be utilized as a source of feed supplement to improve growth performance and health status of poultry. The benefits of essential nutrients and minerals in maintaining good health were also highlighted in this study.

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Proximate study, mineral and anti-nutrient composition of Moringa oleifera leaves harvested from Lafia, Nigeria: potential benefits in poultry nutrition and health

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of a wild Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract in coccidian-infected broilers. At 6 weeks of age the birds were randomly allocated to 6 treatment groups of 20 Ross broilers each in wire cages. Groups A, B and C were infected with Eimeria tenella Houghton strain at the rate of 36 250 sporulated oocysts/ml per bird. Theremaining 3 groups D, E and F were uninfected controls. At 7 weeks the birds in group A were treated with G. lucidum aqueous extract and those in B with amprolium in drinking water ad libitum at the rate of 200 mg/ml each for 7 days consecutively. Body weight gain, feed intake, faecal oocyst output and some haematological parameters were monitored. The result showed that all the infected birds in groups A, B and Chad clinical signs of weakness and reduced appetite on day 4 post-infection. By the 5th day post-infection their faeces became bloody and watery, and large numbers of E. tenella oocysts were present in the faeces. On day 3 after treatment the oocysts detected were considerably reduced in both treated groups A and B and slightly higher in the untreated group C. The faeces of the uninfected control groups were normal and free of coccidial oocysts. After treatment for 7 days no coccidial oocysts were found in faeces of the birds that had been treated. Infected, untreated birds showed a slight drop in feed intake and weight gain from 7 to 8 weeks of age. The final mean weight gain recorded in the treated groups A and B was comparable to that of the uninfected birds in the 3 control groups, while it was lower in the untreated group C. The feed to gain ratio was higher in C than in the other groups. A slight drop in packed cell volume was observed in groups A, B and C at 7 weeks of age, 1 week after infection. This study showed that treatment with G. lucidum results in a marked reduction in the number of E. tenella oocysts shed in the faeces, leading to improved weight gain and decreased weight loss. The results confirmed the virulence of the Houghton strain of E. tenella and the effectiveness of both amprolium and G. lucidum extract against E. tenella.

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Changes in weight gain, faecal oocyst count and packed cell volume of Eimeria tenella-infected broilers treated with a wild mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) aqueous extract.

Proximate and chemical composition of a wild mushroom, Ganoderma sp was evaluated. The phytochemical analysis showed it contained carbohydrates and reducing sugars, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and resins. Proximate analysis revealed crude protein (13.3%±0.2), crude fibre (34.7%±6.4), fats (2.6%±0.3), calcium (0.4%±0.1) and phosphorus (0.3%±0.0). Acidic amino acids (glutamic and aspartic acid) (6.2 g%±1.4 and 5.6 g%± 0.1) and sulphur containing amino acids (cystine and methionine) (1.5 g%±1.3 and 0.7 g%±0.1) were also detected. Of all the essential amino acids detected in the mushroom, leucine was higher (5.3 g%±0.9), followed by phenylalanine (3.7 g%±0.5), alanine (3.3 g%±0.1), isoleucine (3.1g%±0.1), valine (3.0 g%±0.2), lysine (3.0 g%±0.6) and threonine (2.0 g%±0.1). Histidine (1.7 g%±0.3) and methionine (0.7 g%±0.1) were the least. Supplemented diets showed higher leucine content followed by phenylalanine, alanine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, threonine, histidine and methionine. Pullets fed these diets showed improved performance in weight gain and health. The physical qualities of eggs laid by the birds were not affected. Although, feed intake did not show significant difference in all the groups (p>0.05) but the feed to gain ratio was better in A (3.3) and B (3.4) than C (3.5) and D (3.6). This showed supplementation with the mushroom resulted in better feed efficiency and the effect is dose dependent. It was concluded that this mushroom can be a valuable source of feed supplement to improve performance and health.

Potential of a wild medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma sp., as feed supplement in chicken diet: effect on performance and health of pullets.

In Nigeria, wild Ganoderma species of mushroom grows in abundance during the rainy season. Studies were conducted to evaluate the haematological parameters and the histopathology lesions in organs of broilers treated with aqueous extract of wild Ganoderma sp. Blood and organs were collected for haematology and histopathology, respectively. The haematological analysis showed a slight drop in packed cell volume (PCV) in the birds of group A (23.5% ± 0.7), B (28.0 % ± 2.8) and C (27.5 % ± 0.7) at 7 weeks of age, one week after infection with Eimeria tenella . The values of haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) were within normal range in all the groups and seemed to bear no direct relationship to the treatment using either the wild mushroom or amprolium. The values showed considerable variations characterized by a wide range of normal values (Hb = 8.5 ± 0.0 - 14.9 ±1.52 g/dl; RBC = 1.9 ± 0.18 - 8.6 ± 0.78 x10 12 /L; WBC = 2.0 ± 0.92 - 8.5 ± 0.49 x10 9 /L). Histopathology showed mild lymphocytic infiltration in the liver of the broilers. The lesions could not be linked to the use of mushroom or amprolium, as both treated and untreated birds had similar lesions in their organs. It was concluded that the mushroom has no deleterious or adverse effects on the organs of treated birds. Keywords: Medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum , Eimeria tenella , haematological values, histopathology lesions, broilers

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Oral treatment of Eimeria tenella -infected broilers using aqueous extract of wild mushroom ( Ganoderma sp): Effect on haematological parameters and histopathology lesions

Melon husks were collected from Nasarawa Local Government Area of Nasarawa State and milled into powder for proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis. The results of proximate analysis showed that melon husks contained crude protein (19.14% ±0.46), carbohydrate (61.01% ±0.35), crude fibre (8.12% ±0.85), ash (7.73% ± 0.12), crude fat (1.71% ±0.04) and fatty acid (1.37% ± 0.03). The minerals detected include, Ca (2.1% ±0.13), K (1.3% ±0.04), Mg (0.42% ±0.1) and Na (259.85±1.78), Fe (98.42±1.55), Mn (58.83±0.54), Zn (47.77±1.06), P (30.11±0.2) and Cu (5.94±0.3) in parts per million (ppm). The results of phytochemical and anti-nutrients analysis showed the presence of tannins (15.15% ±0.24), phytates (2.05% ±0.12), trypsin inhibitor (2.01% ±0.10), saponins (1.47% ±0.23), oxalates (0.71% ±0.16) and cyanide ((0.06% ±0.01). The level of anti-nutrients and cyanide detected in the melon husks were low. The presence of essential nutrients and minerals imply melon husks could be utilized as a potential feed ingredient in poultry diets. The benefits of essential nutrients and minerals in maintaining health and growth performance were highlighted. It was therefore recommended that melon husks (shells), which are either burnt as agricultural waste materials or discarded in large quantities to pollute the environment in some parts of Nasarawa State, could be utilized as a possible feed ingredient in poultry diets.

http://www.isca.in/rjcs/Archives/v2/i2/5.pdf

A. O. Ogbe

Papers

Proximate study, mineral and anti-nutrient composition of Moringa oleifera leaves harvested from Lafia, Nigeria: potential benefits in poultry nutrition and health

Changes in weight gain, faecal oocyst count and packed cell volume of Eimeria tenella-infected broilers treated with a wild mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) aqueous extract.

Potential of a wild medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma sp., as feed supplement in chicken diet: effect on performance and health of pullets.

Oral treatment of Eimeria tenella -infected broilers using aqueous extract of wild mushroom ( Ganoderma sp): Effect on haematological parameters and histopathology lesions

Nutritional and Anti-nutrient Composition of Melon Husks: Potential as Feed Ingredient in Poultry Diet