Hepatic disease: A three-article symposium

Clinical Chemical Pathology

The bioactive compounds in methanol extract of Xylopia aethiopica fruits were determined using a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compound identification was based on the molecular structure, molecular mass and calculated fragments. Interpretation on mass spectrum of GC-MS analyzer (Hewlett Packard GC-MS system) was done using the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST). The results showed different peaks representing the presence of about 58 bioactive compounds which are mainly carboxylic acids, esters, phenolic compounds and fatty acids. The most abundant bioactive compounds detected were 2,4,6-octatriene (2.74%), cyclohexanemethanol (2.57%), kaurene (3.59%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (5.63%), 1,6-cyclodecadiene (10.81%), terpineol (3.22%), cyclohexene (3.32%), copaene (3.04%), 1,6-cyclodecadiene (5.53%), 1-hexadecyne (5.63%) and silane (4.63%). The presence of these bioactive components suggests that the extract is of great pharmaceutical value.

Bioactive Constituents of Methanol Extract of Xylopia aethiopica (UDA) Fruits from Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

Objectives: Traditional healers (THs) from the Central and Kara regions of Togo use Aframomum melegueta(Alligator pipper), Khaya senegalensis (Senegal mahogany) and Xylopia aethiopica (Kani pepper) for the treatment of helminths infections. We previously confirmed the anthelmintic effects of these plants. THs had little information about plants compounds, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities and toxicity. The present study aimed to investigate antiinflammatory, antioxidant activities and toxicity of Aframomum melegueta, Khaya senegalensis and Xylopia aethiopica used for the treatment of helminthiasis in the Central and Kara regions of Togo. Methodology and Results: Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the inhibition method of lipoxygenase type IB extracted from soybean. The concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids were measured respectively by the FolinCiocalteu reagent reduction method and the Aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH and ABTS assays. Acute and subchronic toxicity was performed on Wistar rats according to OECD recommendations. Khaya senegalensis and Xylopia aethiopica showed, a greater anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting lipoxygenase activity in vitro and antioxidant activity (Aframomum melegueta; ABTS 32.79±3.79 mgEAA/100mg and Xylopia aethiopica; DPPH IC50 of 2278.89±104.68 μg/mL). Khaya senegalensis contained a high concentration of flavonoids (1.39±0.07 mgEQ/100mg) and phenols (329.21±19.99 mgEGA /100mg). No toxic effects were observed for the chosen doses with these plants extract. Conclusions and application of findings: Extracts of Khaya senegalensis and Xylopia aethiopica had anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, extracts of Khaya senegalensis and Aframomum meleguetahad excellent antioxidant power and had the highest concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids. This finding could justify the traditional use of these plant Ataba et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Toxicity, chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of plants used for the treatment of helminth infections in the Kara and central region of Togo. 16115 organ extracts for the treatment of helminth infections and provide scientific evidence to traditional healers in the central region and Kara in Togo. However, further studies are necessary to determine the molecules responsible for the pharmacological properties of these plant organ extracts and their mechanisms of action.

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Toxicity, chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of plants used for the treatment of helminth infections in the Kara and Central region of Togo.

The effect of ethanol/potash extract of the leaf sheath of Sorghum bicolor on the histology and serum enzymes was
investigated using wistar albino rat placed in four groups of five rats each. The following quantities: 1000, 2000 and
3000mg of the extract was administered orally to the albino rats per kg body weight, while 0.5ml of 0.9% normal
saline solution served as control to the fourth group. The rats were dissected after 14 days. Results for Alanine
Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ranges as follows: 30-46 U/L,
07/137 U/L and 38-130U/L respectively. The high values of these liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP) relative to
control values are indicative of severe intra hepatic cell damage. Histopathological examination also, revealed lesion
or alteration in the morphological features of the liver and kidney in all the animals. This sample used in the
management of anaemia has been observed in rats under the conditions of this study to be toxic to both the liver and
the kidney.

Serum enzyme and histological studies of albino rat treated with ethanol/potash extract of Sorghum bicolor leaf sheath. Serum enzyme and histological studies of albino rat treated with ethanol/potash extract of Sorghum bicolor leaf sheath.

This study investigates the possible toxic effect of Xylopia aethiopica on liver function via the evaluation of some serum biochemical parameters. The study involved 24 adult rats with weight ranging from 150 to 300g and divided into four groups of 6 rats each (A, B, C and D). For 21 days, varying doses of 1.2g/kg, 3.0g/kg and 6.0g/kg per body weight of Xylopia aethiopica leaves powder were administered daily to test groups B, C and D respectively. Group A however served as control that received normal feed and water only. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed under light anesthesia to obtain blood samples for the estimation of liver enzyme activities. The results showed that there was a significant increase (P 0.05) from that of the control.  Therefore,  the observed changes in the parameters accessed, signifies the hepatotoxic impact of Xylopia aethiopica leaves. Keywords : Xylopia aethiopica, hepatoxicity, Herbs, Nigeria.

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Hepatic Potentials of Xylopia Aethiopica Leaves in Adult Wistar Rats

The aim of this study is to determine the activities of some selected liver enzymes amongst apparently healthy subjects of different blood groups. The study involved 95 apparently healthy students of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria, between the ages of 18-30, and distributed as follows; blood group O (30), group AB (18), group A (22) and blood group B (25). Blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein and separated to obtain serum. The activities of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate amino transferase (AST) and Alanine amino transferase (ALT) in the serum were determined using the spectrophometric method and the results were compared using SPSS (version 15). The results showed that the activities of AST and ALT were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the blood groups. However, the activity of ALP was significantly different (p<0.05) from those of blood group A, AB and O. Based on the findings of this study therefore, ABO blood group variations may have an influence on some liver enzymes activity. Keywords : ABO Blood Groups, Liver enzymes, Liver function

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A O Onoyovwi

Papers

Hepatic Potentials of Xylopia Aethiopica Leaves in Adult Wistar Rats

Comparative Study on Liver Enzymes Activity and Blood Group Variations