Hepatic disease: A three-article symposium

The impact of health and environmental hazards, associated with the constituents of gasoline, on occupationally exposed workers has been recorded over the past few decades. However, the scientific literature on their pathogenic potential remains incomplete, which could affect the current understanding of the associated health risks. This review provides current information based on recently improved research techniques to evaluate gasoline toxicity profiles for humans. Our current knowledge provides insight into the intricate mechanism of gasoline-induced adverse effects, including the formation of reactive metabolites via bio-activation and subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, which are involved in multiple mechanisms that are central to the aetiology of gasoline-induced toxicity. These mechanisms include covalent binding to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), leading to oxidative damage, tumor-suppression gene activity, and activation of pro-oncogenes. Furthermore, it results in induction of autoimmunity and local inflammatory responses, disruption of multiple neurotransmitters and immune cell function, derangement of various enzyme activities (e.g., sodiumpotassium adenosine triphosphate (Na+/K+/ATPase) activity, cytochrome P450 (CYP450), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), antioxidant enzyme activities, etc.), conjugation of bile, and non-specific cell membrane interaction, leading to damage of the membrane lipid bilayer and proteins. Available data suggests that exposure to gasoline or gasoline constituents have the potential to cause different types of illnesses. The data highlights the need to maintain safety measures via suitable research, medical surveillance, regulatory control, life style modification, early detection, and intervention to minimize exposure and manage suspected cases. They also present novel opportunities to design and develop effective therapeutic strategies against gasoline-induced detrimental effects. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(1):1-26.

http://ijomeh.eu/pdf-63255-7130?filename=Recent advances in.pdf

Recent advances in occupational and environmental health hazards of workers exposed to gasoline compounds.

This thoroughly updated Second Edition of Clinical Laboratory Medicine features over 70 chapters--seven new to this edition, including medical laboratory ethics, point-of-care testing, bone marrow transplantation, and specimen testing--providing comprehensive coverage of contemporary laboratory medicine. Sections on molecular diagnostics, cytogenetics, and laboratory management plus the emphasis on interpretation and clinical significance of laboratory tests (why a test or series of tests is being done and what the results mean for the patient) make this a valuable resource for practicing pathologists, residents, fellows, and laboratorians.

Clinical Laboratory Medicine

Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency may have a higher risk of developing diabetes. The aim of the review was to synthesise the evidence on the association between G6PD deficiency and diabetes. A systematic search on Medline, EMBASE, AMED and CENTRAL databases for studies published between January 1966 and September 2016 that assessed the association between G6PD deficiency and diabetes was conducted. This was supplemented by a review of the reference list of retrieved articles. We extracted data on study characteristics, outcomes and performed an assessment on the methodological quality of the studies. A random-effects model was used to compute the summary risk estimates. Fifteen relevant publications involving 949,260 participants were identified, from which seven studies contributed to the meta-analysis. G6PD deficiency was associated with a higher odd of diabetes (odds ratio 2.37, 95% confidence interval 1.50–3.73). The odds ratio of diabetes among men was higher (2.22, 1.31–3.75) compared to women (1.87, 1.12–3.12). This association was broadly consistent in the sensitivity analysis. Current evidence suggests that G6PD deficiency may be a risk factor for diabetes, with higher odds among men compared to women. Further research is needed to determine how G6PD deficiency moderates diabetes.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Clinical Chemical Pathology

This study assesses the renal function of individuals who are occupationally exposed to ‘petrol’ vapour. It is a cohort study of 100 individuals comprising 50 ‘petrol station’ attendants (test) in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, and 50 apparently healthy individuals who are ‘non-petrol station’ attendants (control). Information on demographic and health profiles were obtained, and venous blood samples were collected for the analysis of plasma creatinine, Na + , K + , Cl - and HCO 3 using standard laboratory procedures. Results showed that plasma creatinine (1.17±0.30), K + (3.77 ± 0.55) and HCO 3 - (28.52±2.72) concentrations amongst ‘petrol station’ attendants to be significantly higher  (P<0.05) compared to those of the control (0.87±0.18; 3.64±0.21 and 26.92±2.46 respectively). On the other hand,  plasma Na + (131.70±4.16) and Cl - (97.43±3.48) amongst ‘petrol station’ attendants were significantly lower compared to the control subjects (136.70±4.86 and 100.28±2.24 respectively). There was also a significant increase   (p<0.05) in plasma creatinine, K + and HCO 3 - , and a significantly lower Na + and Cl - amongst ‘petrol station’ with 3– 6 years exposure when compared with those exposed for <1-2 years. These findings therefore, suggests that renal function impairment and nephrotoxicity, are associated with exposure to ‘petroleum’ vapours and its impact is time dependent. Keywords : Renal/Kidney failure, Nephrotoxicity, Petroleum vapour, Owerri.

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijcr/article/download/106239/96197

Plasma Renal Functions amongst 'Petrol Station' Attendants in Owerri, South-East Nigeria

This study investigates the possible toxic effect of Xylopia aethiopica on liver function via the evaluation of some serum biochemical parameters. The study involved 24 adult rats with weight ranging from 150 to 300g and divided into four groups of 6 rats each (A, B, C and D). For 21 days, varying doses of 1.2g/kg, 3.0g/kg and 6.0g/kg per body weight of Xylopia aethiopica leaves powder were administered daily to test groups B, C and D respectively. Group A however served as control that received normal feed and water only. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed under light anesthesia to obtain blood samples for the estimation of liver enzyme activities. The results showed that there was a significant increase (P 0.05) from that of the control.  Therefore,  the observed changes in the parameters accessed, signifies the hepatotoxic impact of Xylopia aethiopica leaves. Keywords : Xylopia aethiopica, hepatoxicity, Herbs, Nigeria.

/pdf/hepatic-potentials-of-xylopia-aethiopica-leaves-in-adult-3ixkolxa60.pdf

Hepatic Potentials of Xylopia Aethiopica Leaves in Adult Wistar Rats

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of potash on liver function of wistar rats. Thirty two adult albino wistar rats divided into eight (8) groups were used for this study. Group A was the control, while B, C and D were test groups given 0.4g/ml, 0.6g/ml, and 0.8g/ml of potash respectively for 21 days. The weights of both the test animals and the control were monitored. The results on acute toxicity tests showed that LD50 was greater than 2.5g/kg body weight. The activities of GGT increased in group B (1.63 ± 0.54 U/L), C (3.20 ±0.92 U/L) and D (3.41 ±0.81 U/L) when compared with the control (1.00 ±0.36 U/L). The activities of AST increased in group B (0.83 ±0.09 U/L), C (0.90 ±0.05 U/L) and D (0.93 ±0.09 U/L) when compared with the control (0.76 ±0.13 U/L). ALT activities in group B (0.57 ±0.18 U/L), C (0.67 ±0.14 U/L) and D (0.87 ±0.07 U/L) increased in comparison with the control (0.55 ±0.17 U/L). ALP activities increased in group B (4.18 ±1.99 U/L), C (6.86 ±2.04 U/L) and D (6.00 ±1.34 U/L), in comparison with control (3.80 ±1.83 U/L). Our study revealed that Potash altered the functionality of the liver as well as the physical activity of the wistar rats and that the effect is dosage dependent. Keywords : Potash, Liver, Toxicity, Rats, Dose

/pdf/the-effect-of-potash-on-liver-function-of-wistar-rats-oya5e21cv9.pdf

The effect of potash on liver function of wistar rats

Ina bid to investigate the influence of menopausal on coronary heart disease, plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes were analysed on a prospective cohort of 100 women attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), Irrua,  Edo state-Nigeria. They were divided into two groups; postmenopausal women (n = 50) which serve as the test group and the premenopausal women (n = 50) which serves as the control group. The control group were aged 25-40 with a mean age of 34 years, while the postmenopausal women were aged 45 years and above with a mean age of 58 years. Information on menopausal status and other risk factors were obtained while venous blood samples were collected for the analysis of enzyme activities herein studied using standard laboratory procedures. Results which are presented as mean ± standard deviation showed significantly higher (P<0.05) CK and LDH activities in  postmenopausal women (82.88 ± 23.63; 174.28 ± 76.63 respectively) compared to those of premenopausal women (48.40±50.76; 126.44 ± 50.76 respectively). These findings therefore confirmed increase incidence of coronary heart diseases associated with menopause. keywords : Menopause, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, artherosclerosis

/pdf/assessment-of-creatine-kinase-and-lactate-dehydrogenase-1y1oldvzs5.pdf

Assessment of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities of postmenopausal women in Ekpoma, Edo state, Nigeria

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) is an enzyme in the  pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) which reduces NADP to NADPH while oxidizing glucose-6-phosphate In turn, NADPH then provides reducing equivalents needed for the conversion of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione, which protects against oxidant injury The activity of G-6-PD was determined in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and control subjects using enzymatic colourimetric method A total of one hundred (100) subjects consisting of sixty (60) diabetes mellitus patients (test) and forty (40) apparently healthy subjects (control) were involved in the study The mean ± standard deviation of G-6-PD activity in type 2 diabetic patients was 253±134i/g Hb while the control was 1444±327µ/g Hb The results showed that G-6-PD activity in type 2 diabetic patients was significantly lower (p<005) compared to the control subjects This finding therefore suggests that there is a decrease in G-6-PD activity in type 2 diabetic patients For that reason, monitoring of G-6-PD activity may be an  important tool in preventing diabetic injury due to inappropriate  antioxidation process Keywords : Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione, diabetes mellitus, oxidant, oxidative stress

/pdf/assessment-of-the-activity-of-glucose-6-phosphate-3ghivmbbjf.pdf

OO Festus

Papers

Plasma Renal Functions amongst 'Petrol Station' Attendants in Owerri, South-East Nigeria

Hepatic Potentials of Xylopia Aethiopica Leaves in Adult Wistar Rats

The effect of potash on liver function of wistar rats

Assessment of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities of postmenopausal women in Ekpoma, Edo state, Nigeria

Assessment of the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ekpoma, South-south Nigeria