The effect of nano-additives in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends: A comprehensive review on stability, engine performance and emission characteristics

Impacts of additives on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines during steady state operation

An algal feedstock or biomass may contain a very high oil fraction, and thus could be used for the production of advanced biofuels via different conversion processes. Its major advantage apart from its large oil fraction is the ability to convert almost all the energy from the feedstock into different varieties of useful products. In the research to displace fossil fuels, algae feedstock has emerged as a suitable candidate not only because of its renewable and sustainable features but also for its economic credibility based on the potential to match up with the global demand for transportation fuels. Cultivating this feedstock is very easy and could be developed with little or even no supervision, with the aid of wastewater not suitable for human consumption while absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. The overall potential for algae applications generally shows that this feedstock is still an untapped resource, and it could be of huge commercial benefits to the global economy at large because algae exist in millions compared to terrestrial plants. Algae applications are evident for everyday consumption via foods products, non-foods products, fuel, and energy. Biofuels derived from algae have no impact on the environment and the food supply unlike biofuels produced from crops. However, any cultivation method employed could control the operating cost and the technicalities involved, which will also influence the production rate and strain. The scope of this paper is to review the current status of algae as a potential feedstock with diverse benefit for the resolution of the global energy demand, and environmental pollution control of GHG.

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Algae biofuel: Current status and future applications

Nanofluids are described as a relatively new kind of colloidal solutions with a particle size smaller than one billionth of a meter (1–100 nm) suspended in the base fluid so as to enhance the thermophysical properties, which makes them an obvious choice for use in number of commercial applications including engineering, medical sciences, biotechnology, agriculture technology, transportation etc. With the advancement in nanotechnology during last few years, scientific community focuses on improvising combustion behavior, stability aspects, various engine performance parameters and emission characteristics of conventional diesel engine using nanoparticle laden diesel biodiesel fuel blends. Most recently few experimental works on above issues using nanosized metallic, non-metallic, organic and mixed particles in the base liquid fuel for diesel engine have appeared in the open literature. The obtained results are very encouraging due to multifold enhancement in thermo physical and chemical properties of modified fuel such as high surface to volume ratio, high reactive medium for combustion, enhanced heat and mass transport properties due to high thermal conductivity, improvement in flash point, fire point, pour point etc depending upon the type of nanoparticles used, their particle size and concentration with base fuel. Despite having all superiorities, somewhat unclear and contradictory results are found in the literature, further the experimental results of different researchers are not generalized so far as to reach at common consensus about this new approach of fuel modification. Keeping all these facts in mind, a serious attempt has been made to summarize the important published work on combustion and stability aspects of nanoparticle laden diesel, biodiesel fuels and their blends, and its effects on fuel and engine overall characteristics with the objective to provide a pathway to conduct further research in this area for utilizing maximum potential of nanoparticle fuel emulsion technology and to provide a promising future fuel for diesel engine.

A comprehensive review on combustion and stability aspects of metal nanoparticles and its additive effect on diesel and biodiesel fuelled C.I. engine.

Influence on the effect of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles as an additive with Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester in a CI engine

In this study, Pomolion Stearin wax oil biodiesel with zinc oxide additive was studied in a single-cylinder, stationary, air cooled and direct injection compression ignition engines as well as its effects on engine performance and exhaust emissions were studied. The Pomolion Stearin Wax oil Methyl Ester (PSWME) is mixed with the zinc oxide nanoparticles in the mass fractions of 50 ppm and 100 ppm with the aid of an ultrasonicator. The average diameter of the zinc oxide nanoparticles is less than 100nm. The properties such as flash point, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, cloud point, sulphated ash and calorific value of all blends were determined and compared with ASTM (D7467) standards. The experiments were conducted at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The acquired data were studied for various parameters such as brake mean effective pressure (bmep), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust temperature and exhaust gases of Carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon (HC) and Nitrogen oxide (NOx) gases for 80% Diesel + 20% PSWME (B20), 80% Diesel + 20% PSWME + 50 ppm Zinc Oxide (D80B20ZnO50) and 80% Diesel + 20% PSWME + 100ppm Zinc Oxide (D80B20ZnO100) fuel blends at different loads, i.e., 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were tested.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/27382/1/JSIR%2073%283%29%20187-190.pdf

Performance and Emission Study on Zinc Oxide Nano Particles Addition with Pomolion Stearin Wax Biodiesel of CI Engine

In this study, the rice bran oil (RBO) has been converted into methyl ester with an aid of transesterification reaction. Chemically, transesterification means conversion of triglyceride molecule or a complex fatty acid into alcohol and ester by removing the glycerin and neutralizing the free fatty acids. The B20 blend samples [80% diesel + 20% biodiesel] were prepared for each methyl ester obtained from RBO and then the cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles were added to the each B20 blend samples at a dosage of 50 ppm and 100 ppm with an aid of ultrasonicator. Moreover, in the absence of any engine modifications, the performance and emission characteristics of those blend samples have been investigated from the experimentally measured values such as density, viscosity, cloud point, pour point, and calorific value while the engine performance was also analyzed through the parameters like exhaust gas temperature (EGT), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust emis...

The effect of cerium oxide additive on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine operated with rice bran biodiesel and its blends

Algae are organisms that grow in marine environments and use carbon dioxide and light to create bio-mass. There are two groupings of algae: microalgae and macroalgae. Macroalgae are the large, multi-cellular algae often seen growing in ponds. Microalgae, on the other hand, are tiny, unicellular algae that normally grow in suspension within a body of water. Algae oil from microalgae has the possible to become a sustainable fuel source as biodiesel. Microalgae are produced through photosynthesis by utilizing sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and other nutrients. The Botryococcus braunii algal oil was extracted by mechanical extraction method. The transesterification reaction of Botryococcus braunii algal oil with methanol and base catalyst was used for the production of biodiesel. The samples B20 were prepared for each methyl ester obtained from Botryococcus braunii algal oil separately and then the doping of TiO 2 and SiO 2 nanoparticles were added to the each B20 blend samples at a dosage of 50 ppm and 100 ppm with an aid of ultrasonicator. Moreover, in the absence of any engine modifications, the performance and emission characteristics of those blend samples have been investigated from the experimentally measured values such as density, viscosity, calorific value, etc. while the engine performance was also analyzed through the parameters like BSFC, BTH, exhaust emission of CO, HC, NOx and CO 2 . The experimental results reveal that the use of biodiesel blend with nano additives in diesel engine has exhibited good improvement in performance characteristic and reduction in exhaust emissions.

Environmental effect of CI engine using microalgae methyl ester with doped nano additives

In this study, the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of single cylinder, four stroke, stationary, air-cooled and direct injection compression ignition engine have been investigated at the constant engine speed 1500 rpm under the full load when it is fueled with various blends such as 80% diesel + 20% canola oil methyl ester, 80% diesel + 20% canola oil methyl ester + 50ppm zinc oxide and 80% diesel + 20% canola oil methyl ester + 100ppm zinc oxide. And also the properties such as pour point, cloud point, flash point, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, sulphated ash and calorific value of above blends are determined and compared with American biodiesel standards (ASTM D7467). It is found that the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles which accelerates early ignition of combustion shortens ignition delay and enhances NOx emissions.

/pdf/diesel-engine-performance-and-emission-analysis-using-canola-3j6y218g4e.pdf

Diesel engine performance and emission analysis using canola oil methyl ester with the nano sized zinc oxide particles

* Corresponding author: skarthikeya74@gmail.com in the mass fractions of 50 and 100 ppm with the help of an ultrasonicator. Fuel properties of D80B20 (80% Diesel + 20% GSOME), D80B20ZnO50 (80% Diesel + 20% GSOME + 50 ppm ZnO nano particles) and D80B20ZnO100 (80% Diesel + 20% GSOME + 100 ppm ZnO nano particles) were analyzed and compared according to ASTM standard test methods for biodiesel. Tests were performed at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Acquired data were studied for various parameters, such as Brake Power (BP), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), exhaust emission of Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), Oxides of nitrogen gases (NOx) and smoke density.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/28646/1/IJMS%2043%284%29%20564-570.pdf

A. Prathima

Papers

Performance and Emission Study on Zinc Oxide Nano Particles Addition with Pomolion Stearin Wax Biodiesel of CI Engine

The effect of cerium oxide additive on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine operated with rice bran biodiesel and its blends

Environmental effect of CI engine using microalgae methyl ester with doped nano additives

Diesel engine performance and emission analysis using canola oil methyl ester with the nano sized zinc oxide particles

An environmental effect of GSO methyl ester with ZnO additive fuelled marine engine