The biology and control of phlebotomine sand flies.

Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) transmit many zoonotic diseases (arboviruses, bartonelloses and especially leishmaniases) of importance to human health in at least 80 countries. Measures used to control adult sandflies (Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus) include the use of insecticides (mostly pyrethroids) for residual spraying of dwellings and animal shelters, space-spraying, insecticide-treated nets, impregnated dog-collars and personal protection through application of repellents/insecticides to skin or fabrics. Because the breeding-sites of sandflies are generally unknown, control measures that act specifically against immatures are not feasible, although the effectiveness of a few biological and chemical agents has been demonstrated in laboratory evaluations. Reports of insecticide-resistance refer to only three sandfly species (P. papatasi, P. argentipes and S. shorttii) against DDT in one country (India), although there are reports of DDT-tolerance in several countries. Current knowledge of sandfly susceptibility to various insecticides is summarized. Constraints and advantages of different compounds, formulations and delivery methods for sandfly control under different environmental conditions are discussed.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00420.x

Control of phlebotomine sandflies.

A review is presented of methods for sampling phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Among approximately 500 species of Phlebotominae so far described, mostly in the New World genus Lutzomyia and the Old World genus Phlebotomus, about 10% are known vectors of Leishmania parasites or other pathogens. Despite being small and fragile, sandflies have a wide geographical range with species occupying a considerable diversity of ecotopes and habitats, from deserts to humid forests, so that suitable methods for collecting them are influenced by environmental conditions where they are sought. Because immature phlebotomines occupy obscure terrestrial habitats, it is difficult to find their breeding sites. Therefore, most trapping methods and sampling procedures focus on sandfly adults, whether resting or active. The diurnal resting sites of adult sandflies include tree holes, buttress roots, rock crevices, houses, animal shelters and burrows, from which they may be aspirated directly or trapped after being disturbed. Sandflies can be collected during their periods of activity by interception traps, or by using attractants such as bait animals, CO2 or light. The method of trapping used should: (a) be suited to the habitat and area to be surveyed, (b) take into account the segment of the sandfly population to be sampled (species, sex and reproduction condition) and (c) yield specimens of appropriate condition for the study objectives (e.g. identification of species present, population genetics or vector implication). Methods for preservation and transportation of sandflies to the laboratory also depend on the objectives of a particular study and are described accordingly.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00237.x

Sampling methods for phlebotomine sandflies

This paper describes a new model of light trap, named HP, based on the widely used CDC trap. Its advantages include high efficiency, easy handling and transport. Moreover, it is almost totally made of national materials, which reduces considerably the final cost.

/pdf/hp-an-improved-model-of-suction-light-trap-for-the-capture-460evuxa02.pdf

[HP: an improved model of suction light trap for the capture of small insects].

Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of AmericanVisceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) due to Leishmania chagasi in the New World. Despite its importance, AVL, a disease primarily of rural areas, has increased its prevalence and became urbanized in some large cities in Brazil and other countries in Latin America. Although the disease is treatable, other control measures include elimination of infected dogs and the use of insecticides to kill the sand flies. A better understanding of vector biology could also account as one more tool for AVL control. A wide variety of papers about L. longipalpis have been published in the recent past years. This review summarizes our current information of this particular sand fly regarding its importance, biology, morphology, pheromones genetics, saliva, gut physiology and parasite interactions.

/pdf/lutzomyia-longipalpis-diptera-psychodidae-phlebotominae-a-5d61dvjsv2.pdf

Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae): a review

A new model of a fan-suction lighttrap for collecting small insects is described. Its advantages include easily obtained material, robust construction, battery operation, portability and low cost. in addition, being opaque it permits a high concentration of light on the opening through which the insects are sucked in.

/pdf/um-novo-modelo-de-armadilha-luminosa-de-succao-para-pequenos-3qj7h0oap6.pdf

Um novo modelo de armadilha luminosa de sucção para pequenos insetos

The effect of deltamethrin of the sandfly population in a focus of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Viana, Espirito Santo State is desvribed. The phlebotomine population density was determined inside and outside houses during a one year period in a treated and untreated area. The results showed a significant reduction in the number of sandflies inside houses in the treated area compared with both the untreated area and the same area before sparying. Despite having a residual action for 12 months after spraying the insecticide was ineffective outside houses. It is concluded therefore that deltamethrin is an efficient insecticide for reducing the number of phlebotomine sandflies inside houses.

/pdf/effect-of-deltamethrin-spraying-on-the-sandfly-populations-26hxaelqg8.pdf

Effect of deltamethrin spraying on the sandfly populations in a focus of American cutaneous leismaniasis

/pdf/susceptibility-of-lutzomyia-longipalpis-to-deltamethrin-ppbc4zjuw9.pdf

Susceptibility of Lutzomyia longipalpis to deltamethrin.

The development of four isolates of Leishmania from foci of American cutaneous leishmaniasis was studied in Lutzomyia longipalpis. The suggestion that the differences in the development of the Leishmania in the invertebrate host are of great taxonomic significance was confirmed. The pattern of development of three strains was typical of parasites of the subgenus Leishmania, the other was similar to Leishmania of the subgenus Viannia. The identification of the strains using other criteria is in agreement with biological characterization. The results show that the morphological and morphometric study of promastigotes do not clearly define the taxonomic position of the parasites but other studies are needed to confirm this.

/pdf/the-development-of-species-of-leishmania-ross-1903-in-23qlt59in2.pdf

A. R. Falcão

Papers

Um novo modelo de armadilha luminosa de sucção para pequenos insetos

Effect of deltamethrin spraying on the sandfly populations in a focus of American cutaneous leismaniasis

Susceptibility of Lutzomyia longipalpis to deltamethrin.

The development of species of Leishmania Ross, 1903 in Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912)

Behaviour of Leishmania species in Brazilian sandflies (Lutzomyia). IV. Life cycle of Le. donovani in Lu. longipalpis and Lu. renei.