Clustering Objectives in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Research Direction Analysis

Machine learning-based coronary artery disease diagnosis: A comprehensive review.

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have played a major role in applications such as tracking and monitoring in remote environments. Designing energy efficient protocols for routing of data events is a major challenge due to the dynamic topology and distributed nature of WSNs. Main aim of the paper is to discuss hierarchical routing protocols in order to improve the energy efficiency and network lifetime. This paper provides a discussion about hierarchical energy efficient routing protocols based on classical and swarm intelligence approach. The routing protocols belonging to both categories can be summarized according to energy efficiency, data aggregation, location awareness, QoS, scalability, load balancing, fault tolerance, query based and multipath. A systematic literature review has been conducted for hierarchical energy efficient routing protocols reported from 2012 to 2017. This survey provides a technical direction for researchers on how to develop routing protocols. Finally, research gaps in the reviewed protocols and the potential future aspects have been discussed.

Comprehensive review for energy efficient hierarchical routing protocols on wireless sensor networks

Due to its simplicity and efficiency, a recently proposed optimization algorithm, Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA), has gained the interest of researchers from various fields for solving optimization problems. However, it is prone to premature convergence at local minima as it lacks internal memory. To overcome this drawback, a novel Hybrid SCA-PSO algorithm for solving optimization problems and object tracking is proposed. The P b e s t and G b e s t components of PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) is added to traditional SCA to guide the search process for potential candidate solutions and PSO is then initialized with P b e s t of SCA to exploit the search space further. The proposed algorithm combines the exploitation capability of PSO and exploration capability of SCA to achieve optimal global solutions. The effectiveness of this algorithm is evaluated using 23 classical, CEC 2005 and CEC 2014 benchmark functions. Statistical parameters are employed to observe the efficiency of the Hybrid SCA-PSO qualitatively and results prove that the proposed algorithm is very competitive compared to the state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms. The Hybrid SCA-PSO algorithm is applied for object tracking as a real thought-provoking case study. Experimental results show that the Hybrid SCA-PSO-based tracker can robustly track an arbitrary target in various challenging conditions. To reveal the capability of the proposed algorithm, comparative studies of tracking accuracy and speed of the Hybrid SCA-PSO based tracking framework and other trackers, viz., Particle filter, Mean-shift, Particle swarm optimization, Bat algorithm, Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) and Hybrid Gravitational Search Algorithm (HGSA) is presented.

A synergy of the sine-cosine algorithm and particle swarm optimizer for improved global optimization and object tracking

This paper focuses on the realization of an Internet of Things (IoT) architecture to optimize waste management in the context of Smart Cities. In particular, a novel typology of sensor node based on the use of low cost and low power components is described. This node is provided with a single-chip microcontroller, a sensor able to measure the filling level of trash bins using ultrasounds and a data transmission module based on the LoRa LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology. Together with the node, a minimal network architecture was designed, based on a LoRa gateway, with the purpose of testing the IoT node performances. Especially, the paper analyzes in detail the node architecture, focusing on the energy saving technologies and policies, with the purpose of extending the batteries lifetime by reducing power consumption, through hardware and software optimization. Tests on sensor and radio module effectiveness are also presented.

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A Low Power IoT Sensor Node Architecture for Waste Management Within Smart Cities Context.

The Transmission Control Protocol forms the backbone of data communication networks the world over. While TCP congestion control protocols operate efficiently over wired networks, their performance in wireless networks leaves a great deal to be desired. Wireless networks are prone to random packet drops for a myriad of reasons apart from network congestion, such as poor channel characteristics, high BER, the hidden node problem and the number of hops between source and destination. This paper aims to perform a comparison of the congestion control schemes of two TCP variants: Reno and New Reno, in a wireless mesh network and analyze the throughput, propagation delay, number of segments retransmitted and number of duplicate acknowledgements received for four different node densities. The behaviour of TCP in wireless networks is observed and plausible justifications attempted. Overall, TCP New Reno shows 40% higher throughput and 25% lower delay as compared to TCP Reno.

Investigation on fast recovery congestion control algorithms for IEEE 802.11e based wireless mesh networks

This paper considers a heterogeneous network consisting of Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output deployed at Macro Base Station (MBS) overlaid with small cells. Soft cell coordination is implemented with Daily load variation for optimisation of total power consumption in the system. The daily load profile records the load variation at different hours of the day. The number of active base station antennas varies with the load and the inactive antennas are put in Sleep mode. The simulation results show significant reduction in total power consumption by the proposed method as compared to implementation of only Soft cell coordination.

Energy efficient heterogeneous network with daily load variation

TCP is the standard transport protocol for reliable data communication over the internet. However, TCP behaviour over wireless mesh networks encounters random losses due to channel errors, changing topology and node distance. This paper aims to perform a comparison of TCP Old Tahoe and Tahoe in wireless mesh networks and analyze the throughput, propagation delay, packets retransmitted and number of duplicate acknowledgements received for varying node densities. The anomalous behaviour of TCP in the wireless network is documented, and probable explanations are provided. A comparison of the most suitable variant for each case is concluded. Overall, Tahoe shows 52% lower average throughput and 14% lower delay as compared to Old Tahoe. TCP Old Tahoe appears to be more suitable for lower density networks, whereas TCP Tahoe gives better results for higher density networks.

A comprehensive analysis of TCP congestion control schemes in wireless mesh networks

In this paper, Channel Drop Filter (CDF) with dual L defected hexagonal Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator (PCRR) is designed for Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) systems. In the proposed structure the outer rods are arranged in hexagon and the inner rods are removed in L arrangement for introducing the defects. The scatter rods are also utilized used for controlling the phase excitation. Electromagnetic wave propagation and the photonic band gap are obtained using plane wave expansion and opti Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. The resonant wavelength for the proposed structure is centered at 1550nm.

Design of Channel Drop Filter using dual L defected hexagonal Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator for CWDM systems

\n In this paper, 4 × 2 encoder is proposed by combining optical waveguides and the ring resonators. The proposed structure has four input ports, two control input and two output ports. The hexagonal photonic crystal structure has the square lattice of chalcogenide glass rods with the refractive index of 2.1 in air. Maximum bit rate of 10 Tb/s and response time of 0.1 ps is obtained using the proposed cross-layered arrangement of the chalcogenide glass rods with circular inner arrangement. The size of the proposed structure is 18.6 µm x 24.6 µm. Moreover, the contrast ratio of outputs is found to be 28.3 and 48.45 dB. The fundamental structure for the proposed encoder is also designed and analysed for validating the desired bandgap at the resonant wavelength of 1550 nm.

A. Rajesh

Papers

Investigation on fast recovery congestion control algorithms for IEEE 802.11e based wireless mesh networks

Energy efficient heterogeneous network with daily load variation

A comprehensive analysis of TCP congestion control schemes in wireless mesh networks

Design of Channel Drop Filter using dual L defected hexagonal Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator for CWDM systems

Design of Optical 4 × 2 Encoder Using Cross Layered Chalcogenide2D-PC Resonator