Although vitamin E has been known as an essential nutrient for reproduction since 1922, we are far from understanding the mechanisms of its physiological functions. Vitamin E is the term for a group of tocopherols and tocotrienols, of which alpha-tocopherol has the highest biological activity. Due to the potent antioxidant properties of tocopherols, the impact of alpha-tocopherol in the prevention of chronic diseases believed to be associated with oxidative stress has often been studied, and beneficial effects have been demonstrated. Recent observations that the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver specifically sorts out RRR-alpha-tocopherol from all incoming tocopherols for incorporation into plasma lipoproteins, and that alpha-tocopherol has signaling functions in vascular smooth muscle cells that cannot be exerted by other forms of tocopherol with similar antioxidative properties, have raised interest in the roles of vitamin E beyond its antioxidative function. Also, gamma-tocopherol might have functions apart from being an antioxidant. It is a nucleophile able to trap electrophilic mutagens in lipophilic compartments and generates a metabolite that facilitates natriuresis. The metabolism of vitamin E is equally unclear. Excess alpha-tocopherol is converted into alpha-CEHC and excreted in the urine. Other tocopherols, like gamma- and delta-tocopherol, are almost quantitatively degraded and excreted in the urine as the corresponding CEHCs. All rac alpha-tocopherol compared to RRR-alpha-tocopherol is preferentially degraded to alpha-CEHC. Thus, there must be a specific, molecular role of RRR-alpha-tocopherol that is regulated by a system that sorts, distributes, and degrades the different forms of vitamin E, but has not yet been identified. In this article we try to summarize current knowledge on the function of vitamin E, with emphasis on its antioxidant vs. other properties, the preference of the organism for RRR-alpha-tocopherol, and its metabolism to CEHCs.

http://tocofemax.com.br/site/artigos/1.pdf

Vitamin E: function and metabolism

In this critical review the applications of gold catalysed reactions in total synthesis during the years since our last article are reviewed. At the end of this article a literature analysis is conducted to evaluate the progress in this field.

Gold catalysis in total synthesis – recent achievements

THE combination of anesthetic-induced impairment of thermoregulatory control and exposure to a cool operating room environment makes most surgical patients hypothermic. Several prospective, randomized trials have demonstrated various hypothermia-induced complications. There is no widely accepted definition for the term mild hypothermia. Furthermore, the term is not even used consistently in the literature. For the purpose of this review, mild hypothermia refers to core temperatures between 34 and 36°C.

/pdf/complications-and-treatment-of-mild-hypothermia-4pddmqzdlm.pdf

Complications and treatment of mild hypothermia

The European perspective on vitamin E: current knowledge and future research

Publisher Summary The biological function of vitamin E as a lipid antioxidant has been a topic of research for over twenty years since the discovery of its antioxidant activity by Olcott and Mattill and their subsequent review of these properties. This biological essential of a lipid antioxidant is mainly filled by vitamin E. Therefore, the chemical basis of vitamin E function is its reactions with free radical intermediates of lipid peroxidation and with the peroxides. The tocopherols have many interesting and complex oxidations; there are unfortunately too few studies of these reactions and their involvement in vivo. This chapter discusses mechanism of free radical damage and cellular damage caused by lipid peroxidation. The chapter also outlines the interrelationships of sulphur amino acids, vitamin E, and free radical peroxidation. Finally, the chapter considers the biological and antioxidant activity of selenium.

Vitamin E as the Biological Lipid Antioxidant

THE METABOLISM OF VITAMIN E II. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF URINARY METABOLITES OF α-TOCOPHEROL

THE METABOLISM OF VITAMIN E I. THE ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF d-α-TOCOPHERYL- 5-METHYL-C14-SUCCINATE

Basal Metabolism and Heat Loss of Young Women at Temperatures from 22??C. to 35??C. Clinical Calorimetry No. 54Five Figures

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/101/2613/93.full.pdf

A. T. Milhorat

Papers

THE METABOLISM OF VITAMIN E II. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF URINARY METABOLITES OF α-TOCOPHEROL

THE METABOLISM OF VITAMIN E I. THE ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF d-α-TOCOPHERYL- 5-METHYL-C14-SUCCINATE

Basal Metabolism and Heat Loss of Young Women at Temperatures from 22??C. to 35??C. Clinical Calorimetry No. 54Five Figures

The defect in utilization of tocopherol in progressive muscular dystrophy.

THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF α-TOCOPHERYLHYDROQUINONE AND α-TOCOPHERYLQUINONE