A computational method for detecting near-zero apparent motion of objects on the series of CCD-frames using the XY-wise and coordinate-wise decision rules is developed. The method is based on checking the statistical significance of the factor of speed of the object apparent motion on the studied series of measurements using the Student's t-test for coordinate-wise decision rules and F-test for XY-wise decision rules. This is the main feature of the developed computational method compared with the conventional decision rules based on the maximum likelihood criterion. The developed computational method for detecting near-zero apparent motion of the objects was tried and tested, and embedded in the block of inter-frame processing of the CoLiTec software package for the operational automated detection of new and tracking of the known asteroids, comets and faint celestial bodies. Using the CoLiTec software package and the proposed embedded computational method, the comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) — long-period sungrazing comet was discovered, which at the time of discovery was the object with near zero apparent motion.

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Development of computational method for detection of the object’s near-zero apparent motion on the series of ccd-frames

The CoLiTec software for the automated search for small celestial objects of the solar system on a series of CCD frames has been developed within the Ukrainian virtual observatory project. Four comets and more than a thousand asteroids were discovered using the software. It was also used to send approximately 700000 positional CCD measurements to the Minor Planet Center. In this paper, accuracy factors of positional CCD measurements using the CoLiTec software are analyzed according to data from the Minor Planet Center. The comparative analysis of these factors according to the results of the processing of the same frames using CoLiTec and Astrometrica software is also conducted. In the case of low signal to noise ratios, the standard deviation of positional CCD measurements using the Astrometrica software is 30–50% greater than that of the CoLiTec software.

Comparative analysis of the positional accuracy of CCD measurements of small bodies in the solar system software CoLiTec and Astrometrica

In this paper we presented the new algorithm for astrometric reduction of the images received from modern large telescopes with very wide field of view. This algorithm is based on the iterative using of the method of ordinary least squares (OLS) and statistical Student t-criterion. The paper contains information about selecting the appropriate reduction model and system of conditional equations for determination of the reduction model parameters with the aim to solve it using the OLS method. The proposed algorithm also provides the automatic selection of the most probabilistic reduction model. At the first iteration the fifth degree polynomial is used, which provides 21 constant plates. The reduction error from the each iteration is used in the next iteration to eliminate reference objects whose residuals more than three sigma. In the developed algorithm the statistical Student t-criterion of reliability is applied after several iterations of getting rid of the noisy objects. This approach allows us to eliminate almost all systematic errors that are caused by imperfections of the optical system of modern large telescopes. The developed software based on the proposed algorithm was applied to perform the astrometric reduction of all measured positions of objects on the digitized photographic plates of SuperCOSMOS data. The research results showed that the new proposed algorithm allows performing the reduction into the system of reference catalogue with the highest accuracy level.

Astrometric Reduction of the Wide-Field Images

In this paper we presented the results of cloud computing and analysis of orbital parameters of the satellite fragments that formed by first India anti-satellite (ASAT) missile against a "live" Microsat-R satellite launched by them on January 24, 2019. Based on the cloud computing we calculated the orbital parameters and distribution of impulse values obtained by Microsat-R fragments that were formed after the impact of ASAT missile and tracked by NASA. All results in this paper and detailed analysis of this event are based on the orbital data taken in form of NORAD two-line element (TLE) dataset from space-track.org and by own calculation of the CoLiTec group in EOS Data Analytics using own cloud server. The test parameters were chosen with extreme caution to minimize the hazard of debris after the impact. However, the results of our research showed the significant differences from expected "head-on collision" of rocket with Microsat-R satellite.

Cloud Computing Analysis of Indian ASAT Test on March 27, 2019

Modern astronomical systems and telescopes allow taking a lot of frames of considerable sky area in one night. This is a big amount of the raw data sets that should be processed. The main goal of this can be achieved using the Data Mining approach. This approach is provided by the CoLiTec software that allows processing of input data sets or streams in real time. This is a complex system for the astronomical data processing, which was created by the CoLiTec project ( http://neoastrosoft.com ). This system includes features, user-friendly tools for processing control, results reviewing, integration with online catalogs and a lot of different computational modules that are based on the developed methods.

Big Astronomical Datasets and Discovery of New Celestial Bodies in the Solar System in Automated Mode by the CoLiTec Software

We describe a new iteration method to estimate asteroid coordinates, which is based on the subpixel Gaussian model of a discrete object image. The method operates by continuous parameters (asteroid coordinates) in a discrete observation al space (the set of pixels potential) of the CCD frame. In this model, a kind of the coordinate distribution of the photons hitting a pixel of the CCD frame is known a priori, while the associated parameters are determined from a real digital object image. The developed method, being more flexible in adapting to any form of the object image, has a high measurement accuracy along with a low calculating complexity due to a maximum likelihood procedure, which is implemented to obtain the best fit instead of a least-squares method and Levenberg-Marquar dt algorithm for the minimisation of the quadratic form. Since 2010, the method was tested as the basis of our CoLiTec (Collection Light Technology) software, which has been installed at several observatories of the world with the aim of automatic discoveries of asteroids and comets on a set of CCD frames. As the result, four comets (C/2010 X1 (Elenin), P/2011 NO1(Elenin), C/2012 S1 (ISON), and P/2013 V3 (Nevski)) as well as more than 1500 small Solar System bodies (including five NEOs, 21 Trojan asteroids of Jupiter, and one Centaur object) were discovered. We discuss these results that allowed us to compare the accuracy parameters of a new method and confirm its efficiency. In 2014, the CoLiTec software was recommended to all members of the Gaia-FUN-SSO network for analysing observations as a tool to detect faint moving objects in frames.

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A new method based on the subpixel Gaussian model for accurate estimation of asteroid coordinates

We describe a new iteration method to estimate asteroid coordinates, which is based on the subpixel Gaussian model of a discrete object image. The method operates by continuous parameters (asteroid coordinates) in a discrete observational space (the set of pixels potential) of the CCD frame. In this model, a kind of the coordinate distribution of the photons hitting a pixel of the CCD frame is known a priori, while the associated parameters are determined from a real digital object image. The developed method, being more flexible in adapting to any form of the object image, has a high measurement accuracy along with a low calculating complexity due to a maximum likelihood procedure, which is implemented to obtain the best fit instead of a least-squares method and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for the minimisation of the quadratic form. 
Since 2010, the method was tested as the basis of our CoLiTec (Collection Light Technology) software, which has been installed at several observatories of the world with the aim of automatic discoveries of asteroids and comets on a set of CCD frames. As the result, four comets (C/2010 X1 (Elenin), P/2011 NO1(Elenin), C/2012 S1 (ISON), and P/2013 V3 (Nevski)) as well as more than 1500 small Solar System bodies (including five NEOs, 21 Trojan asteroids of Jupiter, and one Centaur object) were discovered. We discuss these results that allowed us to compare the accuracy parameters of a new method and confirm its efficiency. 
In 2014, the CoLiTec software was recommended to all members of the Gaia-FUN-SSO network for analysing observations as a tool to detect faint moving objects in frames.

The estimation methods of the objects image on a digital CCD frame have been developed. On the capacity of the form model the pixel Gaussian model has been offered. The pixel Gaussian model is considered on two types of objects: objects of compact groups and objects with the images blurred by a proper motion. The methods are based on the object position estimation by a criterion of the minimum residual squares between experimental and model images. The minimization of the sum of the residual squares is carried out using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.

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The estimation of the object position on the digital CCD frame using the pixel model of the object image

Obtaining high yields of agricultural plants with their proper quality on soils contaminated with heavy metals is of the utmost importance for modern farmers of the Kuban. The purpose of the research is to study the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetative organs of pumpkin plants, depending on the properties of the soil and the physical and chemical properties of pollutants. The tasks are to determine the influence of the physical and chemical properties of the soil on the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetative part of the studied plants; to determine the influence of the chemical properties of heavy metals on their accumulation in the vegetative part of the studied plants. By the method of field research, the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetative mass of pumpkin, Mramornaya variety, when applied by sprinkling method, depending on the physico-chemical properties of the soil, has been studied. Heavy metals in plants are determined by the AAS method. It has been found that when growing the studied plant on a rain-fed plot of meadow-chernozem soil, copper and cadmium accumulated in the foliage less than in the soil of rice check, respectively 2.2 and 4.9 times. The studied heavy metals had a depressing effect on the biometric parameters of the pumpkin. On the experimental plots of meadow-chernozem soil of the bogarny plot and the soil of the rice check, there was a decrease in the studied biometric parameters compared with the control. Moreover, on the meadow-chernozem soil of the rice check, this decrease was more intense. Under the influence of heavy metals and soil properties, the yield of the studied plant decreased: for the first variant it was 24.0 t/ha, for the second – 8.2 t/ha. When growing Mramornaya pumpkin variety on meadow-chernozem soil, a rain-fed area of cadmium accumulated more than copper by 16.0 times, on meadow-chernozem soil of rice check, this difference was 47.0 times. One of the reasons for this difference in the accumulation of heavy metals is their physiological role for the plant under study.

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A.V. Pogorelov

Papers

A new method based on the subpixel Gaussian model for accurate estimation of asteroid coordinates

A new method based on the subpixel Gaussian model for accurate estimation of asteroid coordinates

The estimation of the object position on the digital CCD frame using the pixel model of the object image

The content of heavy metals in the vegetative mass of pumpkin plants when applied by the sprinkling method