The Transmission Control Protocol.

Appearing in 1st IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Net Protocols and Applications (SNPA). Anchorage, Alaska, USA. May 11, 2003. RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks Fred Stann, John Heidemann Abstract – Reliable data transport in wireless sensor networks is a multifaceted problem influenced by the physical, MAC, network, and transport layers. Because sensor networks are subject to strict resource constraints and are deployed by single organizations, they encourage revisiting traditional layering and are less bound by standardized placement of services such as reliability. This paper presents analysis and experiments resulting in specific recommendations for implementing reliable data transport in sensor nets. To explore reliability at the transport layer, we present RMST (Reliable Multi- Segment Transport), a new transport layer for Directed Diffusion. RMST provides guaranteed delivery and fragmentation/reassembly for applications that require them. RMST is a selective NACK-based protocol that can be configured for in-network caching and repair. Second, these energy constraints, plus relatively low wireless bandwidths, make in-network processing both feasible and desirable [3]. Third, because nodes in sensor networks are usually collaborating towards a common task, rather than representing independent users, optimization of the shared network focuses on throughput rather than fairness. Finally, because sensor networks are often deployed by a single organization with inexpensive hardware, there is less need for interoperability with existing standards. For all of these reasons, sensor networks provide an environment that encourages rethinking the structure of traditional communications protocols. The main contribution is an evaluation of the placement of reliability for data transport at different levels of the protocol stack. We consider implementing reliability in the MAC, transport layer, application, and combinations of these. We conclude that reliability is important at the MAC layer and the transport layer. MAC-level reliability is important not just to provide hop-by-hop error recovery for the transport layer, but also because it is needed for route discovery and maintenance. (This conclusion differs from previous studies in reliability for sensor nets that did not simulate routing. [4]) Second, we have developed RMST (Reliable Multi-Segment Transport), a new transport layer, in order to understand the role of in- network processing for reliable data transfer. RMST benefits from diffusion routing, adding minimal additional control traffic. RMST guarantees delivery, even when multiple hops exhibit very high error rates. 1 Introduction Wireless sensor networks provide an economical, fully distributed, sensing and computing solution for environments where conventional networks are impractical. This paper explores the design decisions related to providing reliable data transport in sensor nets. The reliable data transport problem in sensor nets is multi-faceted. The emphasis on energy conservation in sensor nets implies that poor paths should not be artificially bolstered via mechanisms such as MAC layer ARQ during route discovery and path selection [1]. Path maintenance, on the other hand, benefits from well- engineered recovery either at the MAC layer or the transport layer, or both. Recovery should not be costly however, since many applications in sensor nets are impervious to occasional packet loss, relying on the regular delivery of coarse-grained event descriptions. Other applications require loss detection and repair. These aspects of reliable data transport include the provision of guaranteed delivery and fragmentation/ reassembly of data entities larger than the network MTU. Sensor networks have different constraints than traditional wired nets. First, energy constraints are paramount in sensor networks since nodes can often not be recharged, so any wasted energy shortens their useful lifetime [2]. This work was supported by DARPA under grant DABT63-99-1-0011 as part of the SCAADS project, and was also made possible in part due to support from Intel Corporation and Xerox Corporation. Fred Stann and John Heidemann are with USC/Information Sciences Institute, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA E-mail: fstann@usc.edu, johnh@isi.edu. 2 Architectural Choices There are a number of key areas to consider when engineering reliability for sensor nets. Many current sensor networks exhibit high loss rates compared to wired networks (2% to 30% to immediate neighbors)[1,5,6]. While error detection and correction at the physical layer are important, approaches at the MAC layer and higher adapt well to the very wide range of loss rates seen in sensor networks and are the focus of this paper. MAC layer protocols can ameliorate PHY layer unreliability, and transport layers can guarantee delivery. An important question for this paper is the trade off between implementation of reliability at the MAC layer (i.e. hop to hop) vs. the Transport layer, which has traditionally been concerned with end-to-end reliability. Because sensor net applications are distributed, we also considered implementing reliability at the application layer. Our goal is to minimize the cost of repair in terms of transmission.

RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks

Blockchain and AI amalgamation for energy cloud management: Challenges, solutions, and future directions

A privacy-preserving aggregation scheme based on negative survey for vehicle fuel consumption data

Integration of renewable resources and increased growth in energy consumption has created new challenges for the traditional electrical network. To adhere to these challenges, Internet of Everything (IoE) has transformed the existing power grid into a modernized electrical network called Smart Grid. An integral part of this transformation is the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), which enables two-way communication for flow of information consisting of energy consumption, outages, and electricity rates between smart meters and the utilities. These enhanced AMI features and privileges have resulted in a larger surface for cyber-attack, enabling remote exploitation of these smart devices without any physical access. Therefore, consumer privacy and security has become a critical issue due to the interconnection of different smart devices in various communication networks and the information they carry. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of privacy related research in the IoE enabled smart grid environment. The survey presents a detailed analysis of privacy problems and their corresponding solutions in AMI. Our goal is to provide an in-depth understanding of the smart grid and shed light on future research directions.

A survey of privacy preserving schemes in IoE enabled Smart Grid Advanced Metering Infrastructure

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/spy2.62

A review and vision on authentication and privacy preservation schemes in smart grid network

LRSPPP: lightweight R-LWE-based secure and privacy-preserving scheme for prosumer side network in smart grid.

Data aggregation has been one of the most widely researched topics for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) as it helps in increasing the effective life time of the network and reduces the packet transmission overhead Besides other challenges, security is one of the serious challenges during data aggregation Numerous solutions on security for data aggregation for WSN are based on homomorphic encryption technique or Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) based solutions and thus are vulnerable to attacks by quantum machines This paper presents a post-quantum security solution using lattice cryptography The proposed solution is applying Learning with Errors over Rings (R-LWE) for encryption of data in the data aggregation process at the gateway module of WSN Security analysis shows that the proposed scheme provides confidentiality, integrity and authenticity during communication Performance analysis shows that the proposed scheme is lightweight and shows better performance compared to Elliptic Curve Elgamal (ECEG) cryptography based scheme and symmetric homomorphic based scheme

Post Quantum Security Solution for Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

In most of the developing nations including India, we still have the traditional electricity grids meeting our daily supply energy and monitoring energy consumption per household once in a month. Due to limited monitoring capacity, the traditional electricity grids cannot forecast the exact demand side so that supply side of grid can be scaled accordingly. To forecast the customers demand more effectively, traditional grids are getting upgraded into Smart Grids. Smart Grid consists of various elements including Smart Appliances, Smart meters, Access points and Control Centers to form an advance network which can continuously monitor energy profiling information of the customers. Continuous monitoring of customers energy profiling and consumption is possible in the form of secured communication of message exchange between different elements of Smart Grid i.e. between Smart Appliances and Smart meters, smart meters and access points, access points gateways and control centers. Demand forecast prediction is key to Smart Grid, but customer privacy needs to be preserved. In this paper, we attempt to propose a lightweight privacy preservation scheme. Proposed scheme is based on lattice based public key cryptography using R-LWE to define the security. Analytical results indicate that the proposed scheme maintains message overhead with reduction in computation overhead.

R-LWE based lightweight privacy preserving scheme for Smart Grid

wireless sensor networks is a growing class of highly dynamic, complex network environment on top of which a wide range of applications, such as habitat monitoring, object tracking, precision agriculture, building monitoring and military systems are built. The real time applications often generate urgent data and one-time event notifications that need to be communicated reliably. The successful delivery of such information has a direct effect on the overall performance of the system. Reliable communication is important for sensor networks. The traditional transport layer protocols in WSN are not directly useful to meet this requirement. There is a need to synthesize the WSN characteristics and transport layer requirement for the same. Motivated by these challenges, we propose an autonomous and distributed mechanism, called as “Path Assured data Transfer” (PAT) mechanism for fast and reliable transmission for urgent information in WSNs.

/pdf/designing-path-assured-data-transfer-protocol-for-wireless-4v8tuhq37u.pdf

Aarti Amod Agarkar

Papers

A review and vision on authentication and privacy preservation schemes in smart grid network

LRSPPP: lightweight R-LWE-based secure and privacy-preserving scheme for prosumer side network in smart grid.

Post Quantum Security Solution for Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

R-LWE based lightweight privacy preserving scheme for Smart Grid

Designing Path Assured Data Transfer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network