20th anniversary edition of "The End of History and the Last Man", a landmark of political philosophy by Francis Fukuyama, author of "The Origins of Political Order". With the fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 the threat of the Cold War which had dominated the second half of the twentieth century vanished. And with it the West looked to the future with optimism but renewed uncertainty. "The End of History and the Last Man" was the first book to offer a picture of what the new century would look like. Boldly outlining the challenges and problems to face modern liberal democracies, Frances Fukuyama examined what had just happened and then speculated what was going to come next. Tackling religious fundamentalism, politics, scientific progress, ethical codes and war, "The End of History and the Last Man" remains a compelling work to this day, provoking argument and debate among its readers. "Awesome ...a landmark ...profoundly realistic and important ...supremely timely and cogent ...the first book to fully fathom the depth and range of the changes now sweeping through the world." (George Gilder, "The Washington"). Post Francis Fukuyama was born in Chicago in 1952. His work includes "America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy" and "After the Neo Cons: Where the Right went Wrong". He now lives in Washington D.C. with his wife and children, where he also works as a part time photographer.

http://library.um.ac.id/free-contents/downloadpdf.php/buku/the-end-of-history-and-the-last-man-kemenangan-kapitalisme-dn-demokrasi-liberal-oleh-francis-fukuyama-penerjemah-m-h-amrullah-10836.pdf

The end of history and the last man : kemenangan kapitalisme dn demokrasi liberal / oleh Francis Fukuyama, penerjemah M.H. Amrullah

The Holy Qurʾān : text, translation and commentary

This article assesses the compatibility of the Sharia and Islamic family laws with international human rights law As a subject of enormous complexity and variation, detailed examination is restricted to two of the highly contentious subjects of Islamic family laws - polygamy and the Talaq (unilateral divorce given by the husband) within Islam It is argued that while the Quran and Sunna remain the principal foundations of the Sharia, the formulation of a legally binding code from primarily ethical and religious sources has not been an uncontested matter It is also submitted that the Sharia and Islamic family laws that eventually emerged during the second and third centuries of the Muslim calendar were heavily influenced by the socio-economic, political and indigenous tribal values of the prevailing times During the development phases of the classical legal schools, the Islamic jurists frequently adopted male-centric approaches towards women's rights and family laws As regards polygamy and the Talaq it is only recently (and with considerable reservations) that Islamic societies have allowed a debate and enquiry into the reform of established norms of the Sharia Attempts to rectify the injustices built into the prevailing system of polygamous marriages and unilateral Talaq procedures have resulted in some, albeit limited, success through the process of directly appealing to the primary sources of the Sharia The article concludes with the view that the Sharia and Islamic family laws are likely to remain relevant to Islamic societies as well as to English Law - a consistent review and re-interpretation of the Sharia is therefore of utmost significance

The Sharia, Islamic Family Laws and International Human Rights Law: Examining the Theory and Practice of Polygamy and Talaq

We investigate gender differences in agricultural productivity using data collected in 2005 from Nigeria and in 2003 from Uganda. Results indicate that lower productivity is persistent from female-owned plots and female-headed households, accounting for a range of socioeconomic variables, agricultural inputs, and crop choices using multivariate Tobit models. These results are robust to the inclusion of household-level unobservables. However, productivity differences depend on the type of gender indicator used, crop-specific samples, agroecological region, and inclusion of biophysical characteristics. More nuanced gender data collection and analysis in agricultural research spanning diverse regions are encouraged to identify interventions that will increase productivity and program effectiveness for male and female farmers.

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Understanding gender differences in agricultural productivity in Uganda and Nigeria

In 1976, the Nigerian Government compulsorily acquired the ancestral lands of Abuja peoples of Nigeria without payment of compensation or resettlement. This is legitimised under Nigerian State laws. Indigenous peoples (IPs) suffer from injustices in relation to land globally. The purpose of this thesis is to find answers to the research questions emanating from this case study. One avenue explored herein in addressing dispossession of IPs’ lands in Africa, is through considering the relevance of international law on their rights. However, there is no universally agreed definition of IPs. In the determination of whether international law provides solutions to the challenges of protecting land rights of Abuja peoples, the existing description of IPs is challenged.

The second avenue explored herein, is through a comparative approach to understanding how Kenya has resolved these challenges and how Nigeria should respond to similar challenges. The case study is used to illustrate the need for a viable relationship between State law, IPs’ customary law and international law. The choice of Nigeria is because the case study is in Nigeria. The choice of Kenya as a comparator is because like Nigeria, Kenya is Anglophone with a plural legal system and has recently embarked on law reforms in relation to customary land rights and the place of international law within its legal system.

Drawing from theories of legal pluralism and post-colonialism, this doctrinal, case study and comparative enquiry, makes the following original contributions to knowledge. Firstly, the case study is used to argue that international law should expand its description of IPs to include collective of peoples with different cultures. Secondly, it draws from international child rights law to advance the argument that international law on IPs should present them more positively. Finally, the comparative analysis between Nigeria and Kenya on the above subjects has not been made by any known literature at the time of writing.

The role of international law in determining land rights of indigenous peoples : the case study of Abuja Nigeria and a comparative analysis with Kenya

Pluralism is a main feature of Nigeria as a country. There is ethnic pluralism.1 The pre-colonial Nigeria comprised of over 250 nation states embracing over 500 ethnic and linguistic groups.2 These ethnic groups spread across the three main geographical units in the country, namely, the north, the west, and the east. The north was dominated by the Hausa-Fulani and the Kanuri peoples, the west by the Yoruba speaking tribes, and the east by the Igbos.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/82086B559DE96F078271DA5D67CD29DE/S0020589300066422a.pdf/div-class-title-islamic-law-as-customary-law-the-changing-perspective-in-nigeria-div.pdf

Islamic Law as Customary Law: The Changing Perspective in Nigeria

Inheritance is one of the issues that has attracted the attention of many Islamic jurists. Although it has been regulated in fiqh books, the distribution of inheritance has the potential to cause disputes. This paper examines the legal framework governing distribution of inheritance under Islamic law as interpreted in Islamic courts in Nigeria. The paper analyses decided cases in constructing the judicial practice in distribution of estates among heirs in Islamic courts in Nigeria from commencement to conclusion of such distributions. This research is a legal normative study using judicial case and conceptual approaches. The paper concludes that Islamic courts in Nigeria adhere strictly to the Maliki school in the matters concerning distribution of inheritance.

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Judicial Practice in Distribution of Inheritance (mīrāth) in Islamic Courts in Nigeria

Although northern Nigeria is known for its extensive enforcement of Islamic law, the region has been heavily influenced by local custom and traditions. The dominant and now official school (madhhab) is the Maliki school which, arguably more than any other madhhab, recognizes ʿurf or custom as a source of Islamic law. This essay looks at local customs as they affect Islamic family law, specifically marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance, and the judicial responses to these customs in con­temporary courts in northern Nigeria.

Judicial Practice in Islamic Family Law and Its Relation to ʿUrf (Custom) in Northern Nigeria

The world is pluralistic in many ways. It consists of peoples of diverse racial, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds. Several distinct civilizations have emerged from these diverse peoples. The major civilizations in thecontemporary world include Western, Asian, African and Islamic civilizations. With these different civilizations come different ideologies, value systems and worldviews. Although Western civilization has become dominant in the world, Islamic civilization is its major rival. Some have argued that given the fundamental differences between Western and Islamic civilizations, a clash of civilizations is inevitable. This has become apparent particularly in the area of human rights. The international human rights law that emerged in the middle of the last century is dominated by Western thought and historical experience. These human rights lay claim to universality whereas there areconceptual and normative differences between Islamic and Western perspectives of human rights. This paper examines some of the fundamental differences in the concepts and terminologies used in the human rights discourse in Islamic and Western traditions. It also examines the ideological differences affecting their thinking on human rights, and the differences in conceptualizations and methods of enforcing human rights. This paper argues that the values embodied in the Western conception of human rights are not necessarily superior to those of Islam. On the contrary, some are patently inferior. Universal human rights across both civilizations can only emerge in the context of a genuine crosscultural dialogue when the West changes its perceived positional superiority and accepts Islamic civilization as an equal partner in the quest for the protection of the dignity and welfare of humankind.

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Human Rights and Beyond: Some Conceptual Differences between Islamic and Western Perspectives of Human Rights

The Nigerian legal system is pluralistic with common law, Islamic law and customary law as the major legal traditions/cultures in the country. However, the judicial structures for administration of Islamic law and customary law are largely ad hoc and haphazard. The Sharia Courts of Appeal are pivotal in the administration of Islamic personal law which includes matters relating to inheritance (mirāth) and wills (wasiyyah). Although these courts are superior courts of record created by the Constitution, they do not have a clearly spelt-out legal framework for the administration of estates. This poses legal challenges that include unresolved questions concerning the status of the estate distribution panels constituted by the Sharia Courts of Appeal, ambivalence in the membership of the panels, and limitations of the panels in dealing with substantive legal issues. Other challenges include jurisdictional competition from the area/sharia courts and the legal implications of litigation on an estate distributed by the panel coming on appeal before the same Kadis. The paper recommends that the Grand Kadis of the Sharia Courts of Appeal invoke their statutory and constitutional powers to make the appropriate court rules for the administration of estates in their courts.

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/144631/1/Challenges_in_the_Judicial_Administration.pdf

Abdulmumini A. Oba

Papers

Islamic Law as Customary Law: The Changing Perspective in Nigeria

Judicial Practice in Distribution of Inheritance (mīrāth) in Islamic Courts in Nigeria

Judicial Practice in Islamic Family Law and Its Relation to ʿUrf (Custom) in Northern Nigeria

Human Rights and Beyond: Some Conceptual Differences between Islamic and Western Perspectives of Human Rights

Challenges in the Judicial Administration of Muslim Estates in the Sharia Courts of Appeal in Nigeria