IT may occasion some surprise to those men of science who are ill-acquainted with India, and who so frequently express the view that Governments are unappreciative of the importance of science to learn that as far back as 1886 the Government of India arranged for Dr. George (later Sir George) Watt, professor of botany in the Presidency College, Calcutta, to prepare a "Dictionary of the Economic Products of India". The six volumes of this standard work were published during the years 1889-99. In 1908 Sir George Watt published a condensed version, "The Commercial Products of India". Whatever the defects of these 'dictionaries', they have been of inestimable value to all interested in Indian natural products. The Wealth of India A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Raw Materials, Vol. 1. Pp. xxvii+254+39 plates. 15 rupees ; 24s. Industrial Products, Part 1. Pp. xii+182+8 plates. 8 rupees ; 12s. (New Delhi : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948.)

The Wealth of India

Metal nanoparticles synthesis: An overview on methods of preparation, advantages and disadvantages, and applications

A wide range of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) have been explored for their essential oils in the past few decades. Essential oils are complex volatile compounds, synthesized naturally in different plant parts during the process of secondary metabolism. Essential oils have great potential in the field of biomedicine as they effectively destroy several bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. The presence of different types of aldehydes, phenolics, terpenes, and other antimicrobial compounds means that the essential oils are effective against a diverse range of pathogens. The reactivity of essential oil depends upon the nature, composition, and orientation of its functional groups. The aim of this article is to review the antimicrobial potential of essential oils secreted from MAPs and their possible mechanisms of action against human pathogens. This comprehensive review will benefit researchers who wish to explore the potential of essential oils in the development of novel broad-spectrum key molecules against a broad range of drug-resistant pathogenic microbes.

/pdf/antimicrobial-properties-of-plant-essential-oils-against-37kgibalwu.pdf

Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Updated Review.

Introduction Japanese encephalitis (JE) is among the most important viral encephalitides in Asia, especially in rural and suburban areas where rice culture and pig farming coexist. (1-3) It has also occurred rarely and sporadically in northern Australia and parts of the Western Pacific. (4-6) JE is due to infection with the JE virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus. The main JEV transmission cycle involves Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes and similar species that lay eggs in rice paddies and other open water sources, with pigs and aquatic birds as principal vertebrate amplifying hosts. (1,2,7) Humans are generally thought to be dead-end JEV hosts, i.e. they seldom develop enough viremia to infect feeding mosquitoes. Fewer than 1% of human JEV infections result in JE. Approximately 20-30% of JE cases are fatal and 30-50% of survivors have significant neurologic sequelae. (8) JE is primarily a disease of children and most adults in endemic countries have natural immunity after childhood infection, but all age groups are affected. In most temperate areas of Asia, JEV is transmitted mainly during the warm season, when large epidemics can occur. In the tropics and subtropics, transmission can occur year-round but often intensifes during the rainy season. (1-3) The global incidence of JE is unknown because the intensity and quality of JE surveillance and the availability of diagnostic laboratory testing vary throughout the world. Countries that have implemented high-quality childhood JE vaccination programmes have seen a dramatic decline in JE incidence. Although JE is reportable to the World Health Organization (WHO) by its Member States, reporting is highly variable and incomplete. In the late 1980s, Burke and Leake estimated that 50 000 new cases of JE occurred annually among the 2.4 billion people living in the 16 Asian countries considered endemic at the time (approximate overall annual incidence: 2 per 100 000). (2) In the intervening two decades, despite major population growth, urbanization, changes in agricultural practices and increased use of the JE vaccine in many countries, this figure has been widely quoted, including very recently. (9-13) In 2000, assuming an annual, age-group-specific incidence of 25 cases per 100 000, Tsai estimated that in the absence of vaccination 175 000 cases of JE would occur annually among Asian children aged 0-14 years living in rural areas. (14) The current study used more recent, published, local or national incidence estimates and current population data to produce an updated estimate of the annual global incidence of JE. Methods We approximated the JE-affected territory of each of the 24 countries endemic for JE using a recent update (15) of an earlier approximation by Tsai (16) with some modifications (Table 1, available at: http://www.who.int/bulletin/ volumes/89/10/10-085233). Based on these same approximations, (15,16) we then stratified the JE-affected territory of some countries (e.g. China excluding Taiwan, India and Nepal) into two or more incidence strata. Because suitable studies of JE incidence were not available for every endemic country or incidence stratum, we sorted JE-endemic countries and incidence strata into 10 incidence groups (A, B, C1, C2 and D through I) based primarily on geographic proximity, ecologic similarity, vaccine programme similarity. Table 1 briefly describes the status of each endemic country's JE vaccination programme as of 2009, according to recent publications and unpublished sources. (8,17-20) Incidence data We identified studies that contained potentially useful data on the incidence of JE in Asia in a manner similar to the one used in a recent study of global typhoid fever incidence. (21) Whenever possible, this review followed the relevant guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). (22) The review process is described as follows and no protocol is available. …

Estimated Global Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis: A Systematic review/Estimation De L'incidence Mondiale De L'encephalite Japonaise: Une Evaluation Systematique/ Incidencia Global Estimada De la Encefalitis Japonesa: Una Revision Sistematica

https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/20192880/STOTEN_D_20_04893R2_COVID_19_accepted_article.pdf

COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic.

Assessment of efficacy of palm polymerase chain reaction with microscopy, rapid diagnostic test and conventional polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of malaria.

Objective: Costus pictus D. Don is a potent anti-diabetic plant used in folk as well as Indian traditional medicine. In the present study, 4 extracts namely, Fresh-aqueous, Fresh-hydroalcoholic, Dry-Aqueous and Dry-hydroalcoholic prepared from fresh as well as dried leaves of C. pictus were evaluated for their effect on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes using In vitro assays. Methods: Alpha-Amylase inhibitory activity of C. pictus extracts was evaluated using Porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA) with starch as a substrate, whereas, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was evaluated using p-nitrophenyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside (PNPG) as a substrate. Results : Only Fresh-aqueous extract of C. pictus revealed potent alpha-amylase inhibitory (IC 50 = 9.90mg/ml) as well as alpha-glucosidase inhibitory (IC 50 = 2.51mg/ml) activities. In general, it exhibited strong inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase than alpha amylase. Conclusion: Present study does seem to justify usage of fresh leaves of C. pictus as a munching dilatory supplement for treatment of diabetes as Fresh-aqueous extract exhibited potent inhibitory effect on carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes. Keywords: Alpha-amylase, Alpha-glucosidase, Costus pictus , Antidiabetic .

Effect of costus pictus d. don on carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes

What should be the criteria for application of modified Hodge test for carbapenemases in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Introduction: Amoebic peritonitis is due to the rupture of amoebic liver abscess or perforation of amoebic colitis. Amoebic peritonitis is associated with very high mortality. Methodology: A case of amoebic peritonitis is reported in a young adult female with live cirrhosis. The diagnosis of amoebic peritonitis was established by the demonstration of trophozoites in the ascitic fluid and significant titres in indirect haemagglutination test.
Result: Cytopathological examination of peritoneal fluid showed presence of large number of trophozoites of E. histolytica. Anti E. histolytica serum antibodies by indirect haemagglutination(IHA) were present in titres 1:320.
Conclusion: A high index of suspicion in any case of colitis along with serological testing is indicated for the early diagnosis and timely management.

Amoebic Peritonitis Associated with Cirrhosis of Liver: A Case Report

A series of 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmercapto)-N-[1,5-dimethyl-2-(substituted)phenyl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl] acyl amines (5a-h) have been synthesized. These structures are determined by the elemental analyses and spectral data (IR, 1H-NMR). These new derivatives are evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 3750, Salmonella typhi NCTC 786, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404.

Abhay Chowdhary

Papers

Assessment of efficacy of palm polymerase chain reaction with microscopy, rapid diagnostic test and conventional polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of malaria.

Effect of costus pictus d. don on carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes

What should be the criteria for application of modified Hodge test for carbapenemases in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Amoebic Peritonitis Associated with Cirrhosis of Liver: A Case Report

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Benzimidazolyl Pyrazolone Derivatives