Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Cretaceous eustasy revisited

[1] Uppermost Cretaceous to Eocene marine sedimentary sequences occur both to the south and north of the Yarlung Zangbo suture in south central Tibet. They consist of Indian-margin strata of the northern Tethyan Himalaya and Asian-margin strata of the Gangdese forearc. Both assemblages are characterized by major changes in depositional environment and sedimentary provenance at ∼65 Ma and an appearance of detrital chromium-rich spinel of ophiolite affinity (TiO2 generally <0.1 wt%) during the Paleocene. Ophiolitic melange exposed along the suture could have provided a source for detrital spinel. The melange occurs in the hanging wall of a north dipping, south directed mylonitic shear zone which includes a tectonic sliver of mafic schist. Amphibole from the schist yields 40Ar/39Ar ages of ∼63 Ma, which we attribute to cooling during slip along the shear zone and southward obduction of the melange. Melange obduction was coeval with the development of an angular unconformity within the Gangdese forearc basin to the north (between late Maastrichtian time and ∼62 Ma). Upper Paleocene to middle Eocene sandstones in the northern Tethyan Himalaya yield 200–120 Ma U-Pb detrital zircon ages and 190–170 Ma 40Ar/39Ar detrital mica ages. These detrital grains were most likely sourced from regions north of the Yarlung Zangbo suture, suggesting that onset of India-Asia collision in south central Tibet is middle Eocene or older in age. Collectively, our results support previous suggestions that oceanic rocks were obducted onto the northern margin of India during latest Cretaceous–earliest Tertiary time. Coeval changes in Gangdese forearc sedimentation raise the possibility that this obduction event marks onset of tectonic interaction between India and Asia at ∼65 Ma. Alternatively, in concert with the conventional view of Eocene collision initiation, the obducted oceanic rocks may be of intraoceanic origin, while coeval changes in Gangdese forearc sedimentation may be a consequence of an increase in the rate of ocean-continent convergence following the demise of the intraoceanic subduction zone.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2004TC001729

Paleocene–Eocene record of ophiolite obduction and initial India‐Asia collision, south central Tibet

Cretaceous–Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran

Positive shifts in global seawater d 13 CDIC are related to changes in the ratio of organic relative to inorganic carbon burial in oceanic basins, whereas factors such as climatic cooling and the accumulation of polar ice are known to cause positive shifts in d 18 O. Here, an alternative model is proposed for the formation of local positive isotope shifts in shallow-marine settings. The model involves geochemically altered platform-top water masses and the effects of early meteoric diagenesis on carbonate isotopic composition. Both mechanisms are active on modern (sub)tropical carbonate platforms and result in low carbonate d 13 Ca ndd 18 O relative to typical oceanic values. During high-amplitude transgressive events, the impact of isotopically light meteoric fluids on the carbonate geochemistry is much reduced, and 13 C-depleted platform-top water mixes with open oceanic water masses having higher isotope values. Both factors are recorded as a transient increase in carbonate 13 C and 18 O relative to low background values. These processes must be taken into consideration when interpreting the geochemical record of ancient epeiric seas.

An alternative model for positive shifts in shallow marine carbonate ¿13C and ¿18O

Estimating palaeo-water depth from the physical rock record

Magnesium-isotope fractionation during low-Mg calcite precipitation in a limestone cave – Field study and experiments

Late cretaceous/early tertiary convergence between the indian and arabian plates recorded in ophiolites and related sediments

The primary variability of the composition and properties of seawater is much greater in the shallow coastal zones than in the main body of ocean water. An inadequate understanding of this variability, as well as different diagenetic environments, severely limit the interpretation of the stable-isotope record of shoalwater carbonates. In order to investigate this primary and diagenetic variability along a Bashkirian-Moscovian platform-to-basin transect, 13C and 18O analyses have been performed on more than 1000 matrix micrite, carbonate cement, and brachiopod shell samples. In isotope analysis, these different carbonate materials tend to complement each other, inasmuch as they have different advantages and shortcomings. The resulting data reveal spatial trends in 13C and 18O signatures from platform top (lower values) to basin (higher values). In the case of 13C from pristine brachiopods, this trend can be explained by the long residence time (aging) of platform-top water masses. In the case of brachiopod 18O, this variance is interpreted to reflect temperature differences between warm surface and colder bottom water separated by a permanent thermocline at about 150 to 200 m beneath the shelf break. Micrite and marine cement isotopic values from the platform interior were reset (lowered) during pervasive early meteoric diagenesis. In contrast, micrite and marine cement isotopic values from the outer platform, slope, and basin show higher values close to the assumed Pennsylvanian seawater isotopic composition. This implies that isotopic data from shoalwater carbonates (including pristine brachiopod shells) might not necessarily reflect paleoceanographic trends of the open-ocean water masses because of changes in coastal water-mass isotope signature and interaction with early meteoric fluids.

Adrian Immenhauser

Papers

An alternative model for positive shifts in shallow marine carbonate ¿13C and ¿18O

Estimating palaeo-water depth from the physical rock record

Magnesium-isotope fractionation during low-Mg calcite precipitation in a limestone cave – Field study and experiments

Late cretaceous/early tertiary convergence between the indian and arabian plates recorded in ophiolites and related sediments

Origin and Significance of Isotope Shifts in Pennsylvanian Carbonates (Asturias, NW Spain)