Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

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Rfid Handbook Fundamentals And Applications In Contactless Smart Cards And Identification

Modern Ferrite Technology

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https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5176125/5179396/05179402.pdf

Soft FerritesߞProperties and Applications

The applications of ferrimagnetic oxides, or ferrites, in the last 10 years are reviewed, including thin films and nanoparticles. The general features of the three basic crystal systems and their magnetic structures are briefly discussed, followed by the most interesting applications in electronic circuits as inductors, in high-frequency systems, in power delivering devices, in electromagnetic interference suppression, and in biotechnology. As the field is considerably large, an effort has been made to include the original references discussing each particular application on a more detailed manner.

Novel Applications of Ferrites

Electromagnetic noise absorber sheets have become a solution for solving complex electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems due to their high magnetic losses This contribution is focused on characterizing a novel structure that is based on an absorber film with a metal layer attached on its top side Two different absorber compositions were combined with Al and Cu metal layers in order to study the improvement on the performance of these structures, depending on the complex permeability, absorber film thickness, and type of metal The transmission attenuation power ratio of the absorber films is analyzed and compared to the performance of absorber and metal structures The measurement procedure is carried out attaching the films into a microstrip line that has been designed based on IEC standard (IEC 62333-2) This test fixture is employed as a transmission line to simulate a general noise path The performance of absorber composites to filter electromagnetic noise is evaluated through analyzing S21 and S11 parameters This is carried out with the aim of finding out in which conditions the absorption loss is improved when a metal layer is attached In addition, the possible re-radiation effect, due to the magnetic field that is generated by the eddy currents induced in the metal layer, is examined

Transmission Attenuation Power Ratio Analysis of Flexible Electromagnetic Absorber Sheets Combined with a Metal Layer.

The gap of standardization for conducted and field coupled electromagnetic interferences (EMI) in the 2–150 kHz frequency range can lead to Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) problems. This is caused by power systems such as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controlled rectifiers, photovoltaic inverters or charging battery units in electric vehicles. This is a very important frequency spectral due to interferences generated in a wide range of devices and, specifically, communication problems in the new technologies and devices incorporated to the traditional grid to convert it into a Smart Grid. Consequently, it is necessary to provide new solutions to attenuate this kind of interference, which involves finding new materials that are able to filter the electromagnetic noise. This contribution is focused on characterizing the performance of a novel material based on nanocrystalline and comparing it to most common material compositions such as MnZn and NiZn. This research is carried out from the point of view of the manufacturing process, magnetic properties and EMI suppression ability. This last item is carried out through two analysis procedures: a theoretical method by determining the attenuation ratio by measuring impedance parameter and proposing a new empirical technique based on measuring directly the insertion loss parameter. Therefore, the main aim of this characterization process is to determine the performance of nanocrystalline compared to traditional cable ferrite compositions to reduce the interferences in this controversial frequency range. From the results obtained, it is possible to deduce that nanocrystalline cable ferrite provides the best performance to filter the electromagnetic noise in the 2–150 kHz frequency range.

Characterization of Different Cable Ferrite Materials to Reduce the Electromagnetic Noise in the 2–150 kHz Frequency Range

The interconnection of different electronic devices or systems through cables is becoming more difficult due to the hard restrictions related to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in order to comply with requirements. Therefore, the use of EMC components is a good solution to manage the problems associated with the filtering of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in cables and to pass the compliance test. In this sense, sleeve ferrite cores become a very interesting solution since they can be set around a wire and, hence, they provide an effective solution against EMI without having to redesign the electronic circuit. This contribution is focused on the characterization of the performance of a sleeve ferrite core based on a novel nanocrystalline (NC) novel material for EMI suppression and comparing it to the most conventional ceramic ferrite cores such as MnZn and NiZn. The research highlights the suitability of an NC novel component in terms of its magnetic properties to reduce EMI within the conducted emissions range. This range is generally defined by the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) test standards frequency band that covers from 150 kHz up to 30 MHz (108 MHz in the case of CISPR 25). First, this study presents a description of the main parameters that define the behavior of NC and ceramic cores and, secondly, by analyzing the data obtained from experimental procedures, it is possible to directly determine the insertion loss parameter. Hence, this characterization procedure is used to obtain the performance of NC material compared to the conventional sleeve ferrite core compositions employed to filter the interferences in this problematic frequency range. As can be deduced from the results obtained, an NC sleeve ferrite core provides the best performance in terms of EMI filtering within a significant frequency range between 100 kHz and 100 MHz.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/7/800/pdf

Effectiveness Assessment of a Nanocrystalline Sleeve Ferrite Core Compared with Ceramic Cores for Reducing Conducted EMI

Magnetic near-field probes (NFP) represent a suitable tool to measure the magnetic field level from a small electromagnetic interference (EMI) source. This kind of antenna is useful as a magnetic field probe for pre-compliance EMC measurements or debugging tasks since the user can scan a printed circuit board (PCB) looking for locations with strong magnetic fields. When a strong H-field point is found, the designer should check the PCB layout and components placement in that area to detect if this could result in an EMI source. This contribution focuses on analyzing the performance of an easy to build and low-cost H-field NFP designed and manufactured using a standard PCB stack-up. Thereby, the frequency range and sensitivity of the NFP-PCB are analyzed through a Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation model that makes it possible to evaluate its sensibility and effective frequency range. The numerical results obtained with the FEM models are validated against measurements to verify the design and performance of our NFP. The FEM model reproduces the experimental procedure, which is used to evaluate the performance of the NFP in terms of sensitivity by means of the simulated near-field distribution. The NFP-PCB has almost a flat response from 180 MHz to 6 GHz, with an almost perfect concordance between numerical and experimental S21 results. The numerical results show an average transmission loss of −27.9 dB by considering the flat response bandwidth, whereas the experimental one is −29.7 dB. Finally, the designed NFP is compared to two high-quality commercial probes in order to analyze its performance.

Design and Study of a Wide-Band Printed Circuit Board Near-Field Probe

The reduction of embedded portable devices involves a magnetic field interference problem when it integrates near field communication (NFC) due to the presence of conductive surfaces, such as ground planes, batteries, or metallic enclosures. Flexible sintered ferrite sheets (FSFS) represent an interesting shielding solution to prevent electromagnetic interferences problems related to NFC, thanks to their ability to control the magnetic flux. The characterization of FSFS effectiveness is analyzed as a function of the sheet thickness in this contribution. This is performed with the aim of determining which is the optimum thickness value to retune an NFC antenna to its original operation frequency value (13.56 MHz) when it is affected by a near conductive surface. A finite element method simulation model is designed and corroborated with the experimental results to evaluate the performance of different FSFS thicknesses in terms of resonant frequency shift, magnetic field strength, and communication distance. An electromagnetic scanner is also used to determine the ability of the best FSFS thickness to shield an NFC transmitter antenna when a battery is set under it, emulating a usual problem. The results obtained show that the magnetic field strength is significantly attenuated and the communication distance is highly shorted. Therefore, besides selecting a material that provides high reflection and low losses at 13.56 MHz, thickness must be considered to ensure the greatest communication effectiveness. Consequently, the use of a wrong FSFS thickness could lead to shifting the resonance frequency to lower values than expected, detuning the communication.

Adrian Suarez

Papers

Transmission Attenuation Power Ratio Analysis of Flexible Electromagnetic Absorber Sheets Combined with a Metal Layer.

Characterization of Different Cable Ferrite Materials to Reduce the Electromagnetic Noise in the 2–150 kHz Frequency Range

Effectiveness Assessment of a Nanocrystalline Sleeve Ferrite Core Compared with Ceramic Cores for Reducing Conducted EMI

Design and Study of a Wide-Band Printed Circuit Board Near-Field Probe

Improving the Efficiency of NFC Systems Through Optimizing the Sintered Ferrite Sheet Thickness Selection