2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

/pdf/2017-esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-acute-myocardial-14hhjrfylv.pdf

2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

1. About These Statistics…e70

2. Cardiovascular Diseases…e72

3. Coronary Heart Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Angina Pectoris…e89

4. Stroke…e99

5. High Blood Pressure…e111

6. Congenital Cardiovascular Defects…e116

7. Heart Failure…e119

8. Other Cardiovascular Diseases…e122 

9. Risk Factor: Smoking/Tobacco Use…e128

10. Risk Factor: High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids…e132

11. Risk Factor: Physical Inactivity…e136

12. Risk Factor: Overweight and Obesity…e139

13. Risk Factor: Diabetes Mellitus…e143

14. End-Stage Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease…e149

15. Metabolic Syndrome…e151

16. Nutrition…e153

17. Quality of Care…e155

18. Medical Procedures…e159

19. Economic Cost of Cardiovascular Diseases…e162

20. At-a-Glance Summary Tables…e164 

21. Glossary and Abbreviation Guide…e168
    Writing Group Disclosures…e171



Appendix I: List of Statistical Fact Sheets:

http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2007

We thank Drs Robert Adams, Philip Gorelick, Matt Wilson, and Philip Wolf (members of the Statistics Committee or Stroke Statistics Subcommittee); Brian Eigel; Gregg Fonarow; Kathy Jenkins; Gail Pearson; and Michael Wolz for their valuable comments and contributions. We would like to acknowledge Tim Anderson and Tom Schneider for their editorial contributions and Karen Modesitt for her administrative assistance.

# 1. About These Statistics {#article-title-2}

The American Heart Association (AHA) works with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics (CDC/NCHS); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); and other government agencies to derive the annual statistics in this Update. This chapter describes the most important sources and the types of data we use from them. For more details and an alphabetical list of abbreviations, see Chapter 21 of this document, the Glossary and Abbreviation Guide.

The surveys used are:

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2007 Update A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee

1. About These Statistics

2. Cardiovascular Diseases

3. Coronary Heart Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome and Angina Pectoris

4. Stroke and Stroke in Children

5. High Blood Pressure (and End-Stage Renal Disease)

6. Congenital Cardiovascular Defects

7. Heart Failure

8. Other Cardiovascular Diseases 

9. Risk Factors 

10. Metabolic Syndrome

11. Nutrition

12. Quality of Care

13. Medical Procedures

14. Economic Cost of Cardiovascular Diseases

15. At-a-Glance Summary Tables 

16. Glossary and Abbreviation Guide

17. Acknowledgment

18. References



Appendix I: List of Statistical Fact Sheets. URL: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2007

The American Heart Association works with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics (CDC/NCHS), the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and other government agencies to derive the annual statistics in this update. This section describes the most important sources we use. For more details and an alphabetical list of abbreviations, see the Glossary and Abbreviation Guide.

All statistics are for the most recent year available. Prevalence, mortality and hospitalizations are computed for 2003 unless otherwise noted. Mortality as an underlying or contributing cause of death is for 2002. Economic cost estimates are for 2006. Due to late release of data, some disease mortality are not updated to 2003. Mortality for 2003 are underlying preliminary data, obtained from the NCHS publication National Vital Statistics Report: Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2003 (NVSR, 2005;53:15) and from unpublished tabulations furnished by Robert Anderson of NCHS. US and state death rates and prevalence rates are age-adjusted per 100 000 population (unless otherwise specified) using the 2000 …

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2006 Update A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee

The purpose of this report is to provide revised standards and guidelines for the exercise testing and training of individuals who are free from clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease and those with known cardiovascular disease. These guidelines are intended for physicians, nurses, exercise physiologists, specialists, technologists, and other healthcare professionals involved in exercise testing and training of these populations. This report is in accord with the “Statement on Exercise” published by the American Heart Association (AHA).1

These guidelines are a revision of the 1995 standards of the AHA that addressed the issues of exercise testing and training.2 An update of background, scientific rationale, and selected references is provided, and current issues of practical importance in the clinical use of these standards are considered. These guidelines are in accord with the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing.3

### The Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Exercise, a common physiological stress, can elicit cardiovascular abnormalities that are not present at rest, and it can be used to determine the adequacy of cardiac function. Because exercise is only one of many stresses to which humans can be exposed, it is more appropriate to call an exercise test exactly that and not a “stress test.” This is particularly relevant considering the increased use of nonexercise stress tests.

### Types of Exercise

Three types of muscular contraction or exercise can be applied as a stress to the cardiovascular system: isometric (static), isotonic (dynamic or locomotory), and resistance (a combination of isometric and isotonic).4,5 Isotonic exercise, which is defined as a muscular contraction resulting in movement, primarily provides a volume load to the left ventricle, and the response is proportional to the size of the working muscle mass and the intensity of exercise. Isometric exercise is defined as a muscular contraction without movement (eg, handgrip) and imposes greater pressure than volume …

Exercise Standards for Testing and Training A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

ACC
: American College of Cardiology
ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACS
: acute coronary syndrome
AF
: atrial fibrillation
AGNES
: Arrhythmia Genetics in the Netherlands
AHA
: American Heart Association
AMIOVIRT
: AMIOdarone Versus Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator:

/pdf/2015-esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-patients-with-3hzn8vw0c4.pdf

2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC)

This review article summarizes important changes in our approach to the serious public health problem of sudden death from ventricular arrhythmias.

Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias.

Purpose: To integrate information from the various disciplines that contribute to the understanding of the cause and prevention of sudden cardiac death: identification of new approaches from applie...

Sudden Cardiac Death: Epidemiology, Transient Risk, and Intervention Assessment

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a major unresolved clinical and public health problem, accounting for more than 300,000 of the deaths in the United States annually. The ability to identify potential SCD victims is limited by the large size of the population subgroups that contain the majority of SCD victims and by the apparent time dependence of risk of sudden death. The latter refers to the tendency for SCD to follow other cardiovascular events within a high-risk period of 6-18 months after a primary cardiovascular event, with risk decreasing thereafter. The combination of time dependence and denominator pool size provides a basis for future studies to identify the higher risk individuals. Pathophysiologically, SCD can be viewed as an interaction between structural abnormalities of the heart, transient functional disturbances, and the specific electrophysiological events responsible for fatal arrhythmias. Structural abnormalities provide the anatomic substrate for chronic risk and include the myocardial consequences of coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, myopathic ventricles, and specific electrophysiological anatomic abnormalities such as bypass tracts. The functional factors responsible for destabilizing a chronic electrophysiological abnormality include transient ischemia and reperfusion, systemic factors (e.g., electrolyte disturbances, acidosis, and hemodynamic dysfunction), autonomic fluctuations (both systemic and at a tissue level), and myocardial toxic influences such as proarrhythmic effects of various drugs. Each of these changes is able to destabilize myocardial membrane integrity, some regionally and some globally, making the heart susceptible to an electrical triggering event for ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Sudden cardiac death. Structure, function, and time-dependence of risk.

https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(80)90307-1/pdf

Agustin Castellanos

Papers

Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias.

Sudden Cardiac Death: Epidemiology, Transient Risk, and Intervention Assessment

Sudden cardiac death. Structure, function, and time-dependence of risk.

Clinical, electrophysiologic and hemodynamic profile of patients resuscitated from prehospital cardiac arrest

Clinical cardiac electrophysiology: techniques and interpretations