2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Phase change thermal energy storage (TES) is a promising technology due to the large heat capacity of phase change materials (PCM) during the phase change process and their potential thermal energy storage at nearly constant temperature. Although a considerable amount of research has been conducted on medium and low temperature PCMs in recent years, there has been a lack of a similar systematic and integrated study on high temperature PCMs and high temperature thermal energy storage processes. Analyzing the available literature, this review evaluates the selection principles of PCMs and introduces and compares the available popular material selection software options. The thermophysical property data of high temperature PCMs is comprehensively summarized, including high temperature molten salts and metal alloys. Several heat transfer and performance enhancement techniques are summarized and discussed as potential alternative methods to overcome poor thermal conductivity when using high temperature molten salt as the PCM. The common thermophysical property measurement methods used in literature are also summarized and compared. This review gives a broad overview of material selection, innovation and investigation of thermophysical properties for high temperature PCM development, and will be a helpful reference for the design of high temperature phase change TES systems.

Selection principles and thermophysical properties of high temperature phase change materials for thermal energy storage: A review

iv FOREWORD The performance of the public service has improved rapidly since the advent of multipartysm in 2003. The change in the fortunes of the public service is the result of a number of factors, among them, the gradual but sustained improvement in the terms of service of public employees across the board, but more significantly, the introduction of a clearly defined and easy to implement performance management system. As a medium for impelling implementation of public policies, projects and programs, the performance contracting system has impelled sustained growth in the performance of all categories of public institutions with only occasional extraneous disruption. The first such disruption was the consequence of the 2007/2008 post election skirmishes, which saw growth in Real GDP falling from 7.1 per cent to 1.7 per cent. This was however, to rise rapidly to 2.8 per cent and 5.6 per cent in the following two years, underscoring the tremendous rebound energy and capacity, engendered by the performance contracting system. The second disruption was driven by external and other factors outside the control of the public service. These included rising inflation, exchange rate depreciation, unusually low rainfall levels leading to drought in some parts of the country, and the rising cost of energy.

Evaluation of performance.

Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources (RES) with highest potential to contribute to the world's energy needs and can thereby play a key role in the path towards smart energy systems. Smart energy systems aim to integrate all energy sectors to increase the penetration of RES in the energy supply. Biomass gasification is a key technology to fulfil the goal of sustainable RES systems. Its main product (syngas) can be used as fuel, in various conversion technologies, to produce different products, including electricity, heat, cooling, biofuels and chemicals, which makes this technology an important tool for the energy system flexibility. Initially, the present manuscript reviews the relevant studies on the use of biomass gasification in trigeneration and polygeneration systems. Subsequently, it presents a case study that assesses the potential of the use of biomass gasification in an existing Portuguese trigeneration natural gas-fired plant located in Lisboa. The literature review revealed that most of the studies analysed are based on modelling data and not on experimental and/or pilot installations data. These studies show the environmental and energy added value of this type of system but stress the system's complexity and high investment costs. As for the case study, all scenarios considered show a negative net present value; nevertheless, the decrease of the biomass cost or the increase of the natural gas cost can turn financially feasible some scenarios.

Techno-economic analysis of a trigeneration system based on biomass gasification

Phase Change Materials (PCM) have been widely used in different applications. PCM is recognized as one of the most promising materials to store solar thermal energy in the form of latent heat. Utilization of PCMs for solar energy storage compensates for the intermittent characteristic of this energy source. Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of solar energy storage systems provide useful information for researchers to design and perform experiments with a considerable saving in time and investment. This paper is focused on modeling and simulation of PCM based systems that are used in different solar energy storage applications. A thorough literature review is performed to investigate and compare the results and accuracy of different mathematical models, numerical methods and thermodynamic analysis of using different PCMs in different solar systems. Moreover, the potential research areas in numerical simulations and thermodynamic analysis of solar systems based on PCMs are determined considering the existing gaps in the literature. Although the main idea of using PCMs is storing thermal energy for different applications, PCMs can be used for other purposes such as cooling photovoltaic panels. Past studies have shown that utilization of PCMs in photovoltaic panels can improve the performance of panels by decreasing the average panel temperature by 9.7%. The results of simulations also showed that for each climate a specific PCM with a melting temperature should be used to reach the most uniform temperature distribution.

A review on modeling and simulation of solar energy storage systems based on phase change materials

Investigation of Biomass Gasification Process with Torrefaction Using Equilibrium Model

Mathematical Model of Packed Bed Solar Thermal Energy Storage Simulation

The paper is focused on analysis of the current situation for the solar thermal system market in Latvia Solar energy potential and solar thermal market development in Latvia is compared with those in the countries, where solar irradiation is equivalent to that of the Latvian climate This research also includes a description of the solar and pellet combisystem installed for a demonstration pilot project; the main parameters of this system are identified and the performance data for the first month of operations is analysed An economic analysis for different heat supply scenarios from simulation data and real performance of the system is shown

Possibilities for Utilization of Solar Thermal Energy in Multi-Family Buildings in Latvia

Experimental Study on the Effects of Air Velocity, Temperature and Depth on Low-temperature Bed Drying of Forest Biomass Residue

The main goal of this research was to create and test technical solutions that reduce nitrogen oxide emissions in lowcapacity pellet boiler. During the research, wood pellets were incinerated in a pellet boiler produced in Latvia with a rated capacity of 15 kW. During the research two NOx emission reduction methods were tested: secondary air supply in the chamber and recirculation of flue gases. Results indicated a drop of NOx concentration only for flue gas recirculation methods. Maximum reduction of 21% was achieved.

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Aivars Zandeckis

Papers

Investigation of Biomass Gasification Process with Torrefaction Using Equilibrium Model

Mathematical Model of Packed Bed Solar Thermal Energy Storage Simulation

Possibilities for Utilization of Solar Thermal Energy in Multi-Family Buildings in Latvia

Experimental Study on the Effects of Air Velocity, Temperature and Depth on Low-temperature Bed Drying of Forest Biomass Residue

Methods of Nitrogen Oxide Reduction in Pellet Boilers