Preferred placement of the feet during quiet stance: development of a standardized foot placement for balance testing.

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the foot during standing—a material sensitivity study

https://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~msbm/resources/Med_Eng_Phys_25_491-499.pdf

Plantar soft tissue loading under the medial metatarsals in the standing diabetic foot

http://www.123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/030/52970423-Bus-2004-Clinical-Biomechanics.pdf

Pressure relief and load redistribution by custom-made insoles in diabetic patients with neuropathy and foot deformity

Skin-based wearable devices have a great potential that could result in a revolutionary approach to health monitoring and diagnosing disease. With continued innovation and intensive attention to the materials and fabrication technologies, development of these healthcare devices is progressively encouraged. This article gives a concise, although admittedly non-exhaustive, didactic review of some of the main concepts and approaches related to recent advances and developments in the scope of skin-based wearable devices (e.g. temperature, strain, biomarker-analysis werable devices, etc.), with an emphasis on emerging materials and fabrication techniques in the relevant fields. To give a comprehensive statement, part of the review presents and discusses different aspects of these advanced materials, such as the sensitivity, biocompatibility and durability as well as the major approaches proposed for enhancing their chemical and physical properties. A complementary section of the review linking these advanced materials with wearable device technologies is particularly specified. Some of the strong and weak points in development of each wearable material/device are highlighted and criticized. Several ideas regarding further improvement of skin-based wearable devices are also discussed.

Advanced Materials for Health Monitoring with Skin‐Based Wearable Devices

The plantar pressure distributions for a large heterogeneous sample of feet (N = 107) were collected during barefoot standing using a capacitance mat. From these data, the function of the foot during standing was characterized. Peak pressures under the heel (139 kPa) were, on average, 2.6 times greater than forefoot pressures (53 kPa). Forefoot peak pressures were usually located under the second or third metatarsal heads. No significant relationship was found between body weight and the magnitude of peak pressure. The concepts of a transverse arch at the level of the metatarsal heads and a "tripod" theory of load distribution were not substantiated by this study. Load distribution analysis showed that the heel carried 60%, the midfoot 8%, and the forefoot 28% of the weightbearing load. The toes were only minimally involved in the weightbearing process. Examples of unusual distributions are shown; finally, a checklist is provided to aid the clinician in evaluating plantar pressure findings.

Akira Iiboshi

Papers

Pressure Distribution under Symptom-Free Feet during Barefoot Standing