Fractional Differential Equations

Most of the signal processing that we will study in this course involves local operations on a signal, namely transforming the signal by applying linear combinations of values in the neighborhood of each sample point. You are familiar with such operations from Calculus, namely, taking derivatives and you are also familiar with this from optics namely blurring a signal. We will be looking at sampled signals only. Let's start with a few basic examples. Local difference Suppose we have a 1D image and we take the local difference of intensities, DI(x) = 1 2 (I(x + 1) − I(x − 1)) which give a discrete approximation to a partial derivative. (We compute this for each x in the image.) What is the effect of such a transformation? One key idea is that such a derivative would be useful for marking positions where the intensity changes. Such a change is called an edge. It is important to detect edges in images because they often mark locations at which object properties change. These can include changes in illumination along a surface due to a shadow boundary, or a material (pigment) change, or a change in depth as when one object ends and another begins. The computational problem of finding intensity edges in images is called edge detection. We could look for positions at which DI(x) has a large negative or positive value. Large positive values indicate an edge that goes from low to high intensity, and large negative values indicate an edge that goes from high to low intensity. Example Suppose the image consists of a single (slightly sloped) edge:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31307/01456462.pdf

Linear systems

In this paper, stability results of main concern for control theory are given for finite-dimensional linear fractional differential systems. For fractional differential systems in state-space form, both internal and external stabilities are investigated. For fractional differential systems in polynomial representation, external stability is thoroughly examined. Our main qualitative result is that stabilities are guaranteed iff the roots of some polynomial lie outside the closed angular sector |arg(σ)| ≤ απ/2, thus generalizing in a stupendous way the well-known results for the integer case α = 1.

Stability results for fractional differential equations with applications to control processing

The state-of-the-art on generalized (or any order) derivatives in physics and engineering sciences, is outlined for justifying the interest of the noninteger differentiation. The problems subsequent to its use in real-time operations are then set out so as to motivate the idea of synthesizing it by a recursive distribution of zeros and poles. An analysis of the existing work is also proposed to support this idea. A comprehensive study is given of the synthesis of differentiators with integer, noninteger, real or complex orders, and whose action is limited to any given frequency bandwidth. First, a definition, in the operational and frequency domains, of a frequency-band complex noninteger order differentiator, is given in a mathematical space with four dimensions which is a Banach algebra. Then, the determination of its synthesized form, by a recursive distribution of complex zeros and poles characterized by complex recursive factors, is presented. The complex noninteger differentiation order is expressed as a function of these recursive factors. The number of zeros and poles is calculated to be as low as possible while still ensuring the stability of the synthesized differentiator to be synthesized. A time validation is presented. Finally, guidelines are proposed for the conception of the synthesized differentiator.

Frequency-band complex noninteger differentiator: characterization and synthesis

We introduce the linear operators of fractional integration and fractional differentiation in the framework of the Riemann-Liouville fractional calculus. Particular attention is devoted to the technique of Laplace transforms for treating these operators in a way accessible to applied scientists, avoiding unproductive generalities and excessive mathematical rigor. By applying this technique we shall derive the analytical solutions of the most simple linear integral and differential equations of fractional order. We show the fundamental role of the Mittag-Leffler function, whose properties are reported in an ad hoc Appendix. The topics discussed here will be: (a) essentials of Riemann-Liouville fractional calculus with basic formulas of Laplace transforms, (b) Abel type integral equations of first and second kind, (c) relaxation and oscillation type differential equations of fractional order.

Fractional Calculus: Integral and Differential Equations of Fractional Order

The CRONE Control of Resonant Plants: Application to a Flexible Transmission

Note: Bibliographie a la fin des chapitres Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08

La dérivation non entière

Fractional differentiation for edge detection

http://ee213.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/0/1/12010290/a-lyapunov-approach-to-the-stability-of-fractional-differential-equations.pdf

Alain Oustaloup

Papers

Frequency-band complex noninteger differentiator: characterization and synthesis

The CRONE Control of Resonant Plants: Application to a Flexible Transmission

La dérivation non entière

Fractional differentiation for edge detection

A Lyapunov approach to the stability of fractional differential equations