Showing papers by "Alan D. Baddeley published in 2006"
TL;DR: The current revision of the multi-component model that encompasses a central executive, two unimodal storage systems: a phonological loop and a visuospatial sketchpad, and a further component, a multimodal store capable of integrating information into unitary episodic representations, termed episodic buffer is presented.
741 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of memory for arrays of colors or shapes with memory for bound combinations of these features shows evidence of a relatively automatic but fragile visual feature binding mechanism in working memory.
Abstract: The episodic buffer component of working memory is assumed to play a role in the binding of features into chunks. A series of experiments compared memory for arrays of colors or shapes with memory for bound combinations of these features. Demanding concurrent verbal tasks were used to investigate the role of general attentional processes, producing load effects that were no greater on memory for feature combinations than for the features themselves. However, the binding condition was significantly less accurate with sequential rather than simultaneous presentation, especially for items earlier in the sequence. The findings are interpreted as evidence of a relatively automatic but fragile visual feature binding mechanism in working memory. Implications for the concept of an episodic buffer are discussed.
428 citations
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The phonological loop model assumes that forgetting is a result of simple trace decay within the store and the visuospatial sketchpad is a system that parallels the phonological loops but has proved less easy to study as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on working memory (WM). There are two types of memory system: short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) system. The information coming from the environment is processed by a series of temporary sensory memory systems and then fed into a limited capacity short-term store (STS). This is assumed to act as a WM—that is, a system for holding information and allowing it to be used to perform a wide range of cognitive tasks, including transfer into, and retrieval from, LTM. Human memory comprises an alliance of separable systems. WM is one of these, providing the temporary storage that underpins the capacity for complex thought. It may be divided into the following: the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive. The phonological loop model assumes that forgetting is a result of simple trace decay within the store. The visuospatial sketchpad is a system that parallels the phonological loop but has proved less easy to study. The central executive is the most important, complex, but least understood component of WM. Individuals differ in the capacity of their various working memory subsystems in ways that influence scholastic achievement.
157 citations
TL;DR: Three critical studies from this series of experiments investigating the role of eye movements in visual working memory are presented, together with a recently performed study that includes a level of eye movement measurement and control that was not available for the older studies.
Abstract: In the late 1970s/early 1980s, Baddeley and colleagues conducted a series of experiments investigating the role of eye movements in visual working memory. Although only described briefly in a book ...
154 citations
TL;DR: Three experiments study the impact of symmetry on a sequential block tapping immediate memory task in human subjects, finding an advantage from vertical symmetry over non-symmetrical sequences, while finding no effect of horizontal or diagonal symmetry.
65 citations
TL;DR: Jon's recognition performance was enhanced by deeper levels of processing in comparing a more meaningful study task with a less meaningful one, but not by task enactment in comparing performance of an action with reading an action phrase.
Abstract: We report the performance in four recognition memory experiments of Jon, a young adult with early-onset developmental amnesia whose episodic memory is gravely impaired in tests of recall, but seems relatively preserved in tests of recognition, and who has developed normal levels of performance in tests of intelligence and general knowledge. Jon's recognition performance was enhanced by deeper levels of processing in comparing a more meaningful study task with a less meaningful one, but not by task enactment in comparing performance of an action with reading an action phrase. Both of these variables normally enhance episodic remembering, which Jon claimed to experience. But Jon was unable to support that claim by recollecting what it was that he remembered. Taken altogether, the findings strongly imply that Jon's recognition performance entailed little genuine episodic remembering and that the levels-of-processing effects in Jon reflected semantic, not episodic, memory.
43 citations
TL;DR: The authors compared seven-and eight-year-old skilled and less-skilled comprehenders on a sentence recognition task in two conditions varying in memory load and retention interval, and found that skilled comprehenders exhibited more accurate memory for sentences than less-trained comprehenders.
Abstract: Seven- and eight-year-old skilled and less-skilled comprehenders were compared on a sentence recognition task in two conditions varying in memory load and retention interval. Integration of story information during comprehension was indexed by inflated recognition errors of foils that had been constructed by integrating information across original story sentences. Skilled comprehenders exhibited more accurate memory for sentences than less-skilled comprehenders. However, the groups did not differ in the degree to which they integrated information with minimal memory demand, or in their tendency to integrate information and retain the integrated representations with increased memory demand. These results were interpreted as evidence that integration deficits do not lie at the root of reading comprehension difficulties in mainstream children.
23 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the aspects of attention and executive function under study are not significantly affected by schizophrenia and indicate the need for further characterisation of the impairment usually reported using conventional tests of attention on those with schizophrenia.
22 citations
TL;DR: Two experiments that investigated factors that might boost ‘episodic’ recall for Jon, a developmental amnesic whose episodic memory is gravely impaired but whose semantic memory seems relatively normal, provide some support for the hypothesis that Jon's ‘ Episodic recall depends on the extent to which he is able to retrieve events using semantic memory.
Abstract: We report two experiments that investigated factors that might boost 'episodic' recall for Jon, a developmental amnesic whose episodic memory is gravely impaired but whose semantic memory seems relatively normal. Experiment 1 showed that Jon's recall improved following a semantic study task compared with a non-semantic study task, as well as following four repeated study trials compared with only one. Experiment 2 additionally revealed that Jon's recall improved after acting compared with reading action phrases at study, but only if the phrases were well integrated semantically. The results provide some support for the hypothesis that Jon's 'episodic' recall depends on the extent to which he is able to retrieve events using semantic memory.
19 citations
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the phonological loop was applied to music and two experiments were performed, in both of which subjects heard and attempted to reproduce sequences of notes that were either close together in pitch height (proximal) or far apart (distant).
Abstract: Working memory is the temporary storage system that is assumed to underpin our capacity for coherent thought. One working memory model (WMM) assumes an attentional control component, the central executive, together with two subsystems, the visuo-spatial sketchpad that is capable of storing visual and spatial information, and the phonological loop which holds and manipulates speech-like information. Although the WMM has been applied across a wide range of situations, there is little work on its application to music. The present study attempts to apply to music one of the major phenomena of the phonological loop, the observation that immediate recall of sequences of words or letters is impaired when they are similar in sound. (e.g. PCVTD vs. XKWYR). Two experiments were performed, in both of which subjects heard and attempted to reproduce sequences of notes that were either close together in pitch height (proximal) or far apart (distant). Memory for proximal sequences was poorer than for distant in both experiments, lending support to the possibility that the phonological loop may also be capable of holding musical sequences.
10 citations